The Association between Preoperative Plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Level and Postoperative Adult Heart Surgery Outcome ()
Received 9 August 2016; accepted 16 September 2016; published 19 September 2016
1. Introduction
For planning safe operation, anesthesiologist should accumulate adequate information, know patients’ preoperative physiologic condition and optimize his or her clinical situation. Information resources are various and include history, physical examination, laboratory tests and others (e.g. x-ray, CT scan …) [1] . The extend of using of any data resources depends on patients clinical condition, the type of surgery and anesthesiology and surgery team training level in prediction and prevention of complication and must use available, low risk and cheap but effective sources [1] - [3] . Although, the best ways of evaluation and obtaining information before surgery are exact history and physical examination [1] [4] , some simple tests for clinical findings confirmation, severity of pathologic cases help to unknown problems [5] . In recent decades, results showed that unfortunately, unnecessary tests were done in candidates for surgery [3] [6] [7] . These tests not only help to undiagnosed diseases but result in costly programs, delay of surgery time, increase hospital stay and on the other hand, patients have been exposed intervention risks.
CRP is a plasma active reactant phase protein (normal: 0 - 5 mg/L) that increases approximately in every type of inflammation and returns rapidly to normal level in recovery time [8] . In various studies, specificity and sensitivity of test had been evaluated in diagnosis and management of diseases. CRP test is routinely performed in patients that are undergone heart surgery in Shahid Madani hospital. Currently, the association between CRP and cardiovascular diseases (i.e. MI, stroke) was reported in patients with normal upper limit of CRP. The aim of study is evaluation of abnormal CRP level and its impact on further survey and specialty consultation, newly diagnosed problems, and finally its questionable role on mortality and morbidity.
2. Methods and Materials
This retrospective descriptive study was done on patients undergone heart surgery in Tabriz Shahid Madani Hospital, 2014. Inclusion criteria were age older than 18 years old, open heart surgery and registered and recorded data in hospital registry system. Individuals, who suffered from emergency operations or admission before surgery, urgent operations, postponing surgery plan for more than 7 days, or canceled surgery, were excluded from this study. Trained nurse who was familiar with patients’ information, type of heart surgery and anesthetic technique and medical student recorded data on a prepared questionnaire. The data collection form prepared after a pilot study on 20 registries by the research group. Variables included patients’ demographic and file data (e.g. hospital admission code number, gender, age, sex, weight and height), diagnosis of heart disease and cause of surgery (diagnosis before surgery), left ventricle ejection fraction, pulmonary artery pressure higher than 40 mmHg, type of surgery, mellitus diabetes, smoking, comorbid diseases, history of myocardial infarction or angina, body temperature before operation, results of laboratory tests (e.g. hematocrit, white blood cell and platelet count, creatinine, blood nitrogen urea, fasting blood sugar, C-reactive protein, red blood cell sedimentation rate), consultation with other specialists and delay or cancellation of surgery due to it, newly diagnosed disease and gap time between anesthesia visit and operation.
Postoperative, they recorded variables such as required time for mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay days, postoperative complications (e.g. hemodynamic instability, inotrope usage, and arrhythmia), respiratory (mechanical ventilation > 48 hours, tracheostomy), renal (anuria, oliguria, cr > 2 mg/dl, need to dialysis), infectious (sepsis, mediastinitis), blooding/open sternum (need to reoperation for bleeding control), neurologic (cerebrovascular event, agitation, hallucination or psychosis), etc.(icter, epistaxis, hematuria, …) and mortality rate. According to CRP test, the patients were initially classified into CRP measured or not measured groups. Then according to CRP value, they are grouped into normal (0 - 5 mg/l), mildly (5 - 40 mg/l), moderately (40 - 200 mg/L) or severely increased (>200 mg/l). These collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago: IL). The data were presented using descriptive methods (frequency, percentage, mean ± standard deviation). Parametric data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and non-parametric data using Pearson’s chi-square or Mann-Whitney U test (Fisher’s Exact Test if n < 5). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All P-values were 2-tailed.
3. Results
Overall, 642 patients’ file were evaluated that 22 of them were excluded from study because the lack of inclusion criteria. 22 of them were excluded from study due to inclusion criteria and 620 patients’ data were analyzed (Figure 1). In 3 cases, surgical plan postponed for more than 7 days, surgical plan canceled in 4 cases and changed to medical management, elective plan changed to urgent surgery in 7 cases and finally interventional methods used instead of surgery in 8 patients.
Of 620, 402 cases were male and 218 were female. In only 442 patients (71%), the preoperative CRP was measured. Types of performed surgeries included coronary artery bypass grafting, ASD and VSD closure, valve replacement or repair, cardiac mass resection, Bental operation and pulmonary artery thromboembolectomy. Data analysis was performed in two stages. First, data were compared between CRP measured with not measured group. These two groups had same demographic data, smoking, diabetes mellitus, angina, recent MI, body temperature, LVEF, hematocrit, WBC and platelet counts, ESR, creatinine, type of the surgeries and postoperative morbidity and mortality (23 vs. 14 cases, respectively). In second phase, according to serum CRP level, it was normal, mildly increased, moderately increased or severely increased in 372 (84.2%), 17 (3.8%), 14 (3.2%) and 39 cases (8.8%), respectively. Table 1 shows demographic data and preoperative variables of various preoperative CRP level groups. Demographic data were not different in four CRP level groups. Except for preoperative smoking and recent MI other preoperative variables were same in four groups. Smoking habit and recent MI were more prevalent in severely increased CRP group.
Due to the type of surgery, the four CRP group had no significant differences. Preoperative ESR wasn’t different between four CRP groups (Table 2) and ESR had no association with postoperative complications or in hospital mortality.
Except of cardiac, neurologic and miscellaneous (epistaxis, hematuria and GI bleeding) complications, all of other postoperative complications were high in severely increased CRP group. When comparing this group to other three groups, postoperative morbidity and mortality were 56.4% vs. 37.5% and 15.4% vs. 4.2%, respectively. Comparing to some of other groups, need to ventilator support or ICU and hospital stay days were significantly higher in severely increased CRP group. Mortality rate also was high in severely increased CRP group (Table 3). Mortality rate increased with aging, presence of preoperative angina, EF < 40% and consultation.
79 patients had been performed 105 consultations. Most of them were with neurology, infectious disease specialty, pulmonology, endocrinology and nephrology, respectively. The most common causes of them were due
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Table 1. Demographic and preoperative variables of various preoperative CRP level groups.
*Significant differences between severely increased CRP group with other groups.
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Table 2. Comparing preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in various preoperative CRP level groups.
to impaired renal tests, leukocytosis, high blood sugar level and history of CVA. Only in 2 cases, it was done because of High CRP level. In 20 cases, clinician recommended operation delay and further tests. Not at all, consultation result in newly diagnosed disease and complication rate (51.9% vs. 35.3%, P-value = 0.004) and mortality rate (17.7% vs. 5.7%, P-value = 0.001) were higher than others. CRP level hadn’t correlation by gap time with anesthesiologist visit and operation.
4. Discussion
Careful history and physical examinations are best ways for preoperative evaluation. Currently, we are recommended to rely on doing them rather than unnecessary and costly laboratory tests for confirmation or diagnosis of disease. Although, data resources are various (e.g. history, physical examination, laboratory tests…) [1] [3] , anesthesiologist must select the most effective source. Anesthesiologist should consider patient physiologic status, type of surgery and surgery and anesthesia team training in prediction, prevention and treatment of complications before test or specialty consultation. Before many of surgery procedures, addition to history and close
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Table 3. postoperative characteristics, complications and mortality rate of various preoperative CRP level groups.
*Significant differences between severely increased CRP group with other groups. ESR wasn’t different in various preoperative CRP level.
physical examination, some simple and cheap laboratory tests are performed [5] according to published guidelines. These unnecessary tests in patients’ candidates for operation [3] [6] [7] couldn’t help to new disease diagnosis and result in further costs, ineffective consultation, delay in operation, increased hospital stay time and probably have been exposed patients to risks of interventions. CRP is an acute phase protein and is very rare in plasma healthy subjects but in inflammation reactions increases suddenly [9] and intensity of elevation has direct association with severity of infection or inflammation [10] . So, it has predicted role that it’s preoperative elevation as correlation with high morbidity and mortality rate.
Patients undergoing heart surgery under CPB frequently experience systemic reactions that causes postoperative morbidity and prolonged hospital stay [8] . Some studies demonstrated increased preoperative levels of CRP and adverse events [10] - [13] . In Agda Mezzomo et al. study, similar variables were analyzed and were shown risk of mortality and readmission to hospital for cardiovascular reasons that related to high preoperative levels of CRP [14] . Whether measurement of plasma CRP level in patients undergo heart surgery is required for optimization of preoperative condition or not? It is a controversy and we preformed this study for this reason. We understand when plasma CRP level is high; we should attempt to search its cause in same patient with heart disease and wouldn’t follow specialty consultation. In other study, preoperative CRP > 3 mg/dl can predict incidence of postoperative complications such as respiratory dysfunctions [15] . Cappabianca et al. showed this event with CRP higher than 0.5 mg/dl [9] . In Pool et al. study, preoperative symptoms were associated with postoperative hospital stay [16] . For example, in acute myocardial infarction, CRP measurement is the best and most sensitive test that can obtain signs of necrosis or inflammation of myocardium [17] [18] . In coronary arteries stenosis, CRP is positive in cases with necrosis and negative in cases without necrosis. Our study proved this topic and showed that in group +3 CRP, the prevalence of postoperative acute myocardial infarction was higher. Elevated CRP was more frequently found in patients who died [19] . It seems that in teaching hospital follow logic course regard to CRP elevation so, in very rare cases were performed consultation and in almost patients, we explained CRP elevation with heart disease presence and used it as prediction factor of postoperative mortality and complications rate. Choi et al. reported that preoperative CRP elevation was independent and potent for postoperative cardiovascular events [20] . Biancari et al. showed increasing of postoperative mortality and morbidity in patients with CRP higher than 1 mg/dl [21] . In our study, plasma CRP level elevation had associated with postoperative mortality but no with complication. Clearly, we couldn’t confirm these results but our results were same as Gaudin et al. study that showed Preoperative CRP level cannot causes in-hospital postoperative complication [10] . Regard to mortality and morbidity rate, our study confirmed previous studies [9] [20] [21] .
5. Conclusion
Although consultation could not be entailed to new disease diagnosis, mortality and complication rate were higher in these patients. Probably, this means high risk patients referred to specialist. It seems that preoperative high level CRP results in delay of surgery. Yet, CRP routine measurement in patients undergone heart surgery plays predictive role for in-hospital mortality and cannot help to new and unknown cases or optimization of preoperative situation.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.