The role of vitamin C in alteration of enzymes responsible of energy metabolism induced by administration of tamoxifen to mouse

Zaina Zuhair, Hasan AL-amri

.

DOI: 10.4236/abc.2011.12003                

Abstract

Tamoxifen is a synthetic non-steroidal ant estrogen. It was suggested to study the role of vitamin C in alte- ration of enzymes responsible of energy metabolism induced by administration of tamoxifen to mouse. The effect of tamoxifen and tamoxifen with vitamin C on some activity of enzymes in the mice representing gly- colytic, gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathway and also, liver function enzymes represented by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phos- phatase (ALP) were studied. The present results showed that a significant (p < 0.001) increase in glycolytic enzymes (HK, PK, GPI and PFK), glu- coneogenic enzymes, G-6-Pase, acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose, were observed in treated groups, while LDH, glycogen phos- phorylase, AST and ALT enzymes activities showed significant (p < 0.01) reduction. The present results also, showed that significant reduction in glycogen, total protein, total cholesterol, uric acid, urea, and creatinine in treated mice as compared to the normal healthy control group. However, normal control mice treated with tamoxifen and vitamin C showed no side effects of most parameters compared to the normal healthy control group. It was concluded that vitamin C may prevent tamoxifen-induced testes toxicity in mice.

Keywords

Adult Male Albino Mice; Tamoxifen Vitamin C; Liver Tissue Homogenates

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Phillips, D.H. (2001) Underatanding the genotoxicity of tamoxiifen. Carcinogenesis, 22, 839-849. doi:10.1093/carcin/22.6.839
[2]	Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M. and Ritter, J.M. (1995) The Re-productive system Pharmacology. Fourth edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, New York, Philadelphia, Sydney and Toronto.
[3]	Pirkko, H., Annukka, A. and Eero, M. (2002). Toxicity of antiestrogen. The Breast Journal (U.S.A), 8, 92-96.
[4]	Gamboa-da-costa, G., Marques, M.M., Beland, F.A., Freeman, J.P., Churchwell, M.L. and Doerge, D.R. (2003) Quantification of Tamoxifen DNA adducts using on lines sample preparation and HPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Chemical Research in To- xicology, 16, 357-366. doi:10.1021/tx020090g
[5]	Albert, P.L., Bode, C. and Sakai, Y. (2004). A novel in vitro system, the integrated discrete multiple organ cell culture (I dMOC)) system, for the evaluation of human toxicity: Comparative cytotoxicity tamoxifen towards normal human cells from five major organs and MCF-7 andenocarcinoma breast cancer. Chemico-Biological In-teractions, 150, 129-136. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2004.09.010
[6]	Kadkhodaee, M., Khastar, H., Faghih, M., Ghaznavi, R. and Zahmarkesh, M.,2005. Effect of co-suplementation and of vitamin E and C on gentamicin-induced nephro-toxicity in rat. Experimental Physiology, 90, 571-576. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029728
[7]	Abd El-Monem, S.; Bakry, F.A. and Ismail, S.M. (2006) Influence of and niclosimide on some biological and physiological parameters of lymnaea natalensis snails as intermediate host of fasciola gigantica. Egyptian Jour- nal of Zoology, 46, 227-244.
[8]	Sakran A.M.A and Bakry F.A (2005) Biological and phy-siological studies on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails exposed to different plant molluscicides. Journal of Egypt German Society of Zoology, 48A, 237-256.
[9]	Paget, G. and Barners, J. (1964) Toxicity tests. In: Lau-rence, D.R. and Bacharach, A.L. Eds., Evalution of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics, Academic Press, London and New York, 135-166.
[10]	Uyeda, K. and Racker, E. (1965): Regulatory mechanisms in carbohydrate metabolism. VII. Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. The Journal of Biological Chemi-stry, 240, 4682-4688.
[11]	McManus, D.P. and James, B.L. (1975) Anaerobic glu-cose metabolism in the digestive gland of Littorina sax-atilis rudis (Maton) and the daughter sporocysts Micro-phallus Similis (jag). Comparative Biochemistry and Phy-siology, 51, 293-297.
[12]	King, J. (1965) Glucose phosphate isomerase. In: Prac-tical Clinical Enzymology. Van Nostr and Co. Ltd., Lon-don, 1113-1117.
[13]	Zammit, V.A., Beis, I. and Newsholme, E.A. (1978) Maximum activities and effects of fructose bisphosphate on pyruvate kinase from muscles of vertebrates and in-vertebrates in relation to the control of glycolysis. Bio-chemical Journal, 174, 989-998.
[14]	Cabaud, P. and Wroblewski, F. (1958) Colorimetric mea- surement of lactic acid dehydrogenase activity of body fluids. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 30, 234- 236.
[15]	Suarez, R.K., Mallet, M.D., Doxboeck, C. and Hochacjka, P.W. (1986) Enzymes of energy metabolism and glu- coneogenesis in acid blue malin, Makaira nigricans. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 694-697. doi:10.1139/z86-102
[16]	Swanson, M.A. (1955) Glucose-6-phosphatase from liver. Methods in Enzymology, 2, 541-543. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(55)02247-7
[17]	Sand, O., Petersen, L.M. and Emmersen, B.K. (1980) Changes in some carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and glycogen in liver, glucose and lipid in serum during vitellogenesis and after induction by estradiol-1-7-B in the flounder Platichtys flesus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 65, 327-332. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(80)90021-8
[18]	Hedrick, J.L. and Fischer, E.H. (1965) On the role of pyridoxal-5-phosphate in phosphorylase, absence of classical vitamin B6 dependent enzymatic activities in- muscle glycogen phoshorylase. Biochemistry, 4, 1337- 1344.
[19]	Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxa- loacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28, 56-63.
[20]	Fishman, W.H. and Ferner, F. (1953) A method for esti-mating serum acid phosphatase of prostatic origin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 200, 89-97.
[21]	King, P.R. and King, E.J. (1954) Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol (with amino-antipyrine). Journal of Clinical Pathology, 7, 322-326. doi:10.1136/jcp.7.4.322
[22]	Lowery, O.H., Rose Brough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951) Protien measurement with the folin-phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2, 265-275
[23]	Nicholas, V., Carroll, R., Longley, W. and Joseph, H.R. (1956) The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by the use of anthrone reagent. The Journal of Bio- logical Chemistry, 220, 583-593.
[24]	Trinder, P. (1969): Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen ac- ceptor. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 6, 24-27.
[25]	Spiegel, R.M. (1981) Theory and problems of Statistics, Schaum’s outline series. McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
[26]	Ahmed, S.A. and Gad, M.Z. (1995) Effect of schistosom-al infection and its treatment on some key enzymes of glucose metabolism in mice livers Arznein. Forsch, 45, 1324-1330.
[27]	Tielens, A.G. (1997) Biochemistry of Trematode. In: Fried, B. and Graczyk, T.K. Eds., Advances in Trematode Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 309-343.
[28]	Kuser, P.R. Krauchrenco, S., Antunes, O.A. and Polikar-pov, I. (2000) The high resolution crystal structure of yeast hexokinase PII with the correct primary sequence provides new insights into its mechanism of action. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 20814-20821.
[29]	Paul, J., Bekker, A.Y. and Duran, W.N. (1990) Calcium entry prevents leakage of macromolecules induced by ischemia-reperfusion in skeletal muscle. Circulation Re-search, 66, 1636-1642.
[30]	Parasad, M.R., Popeseu, L.M., Moraru, I.I, Liu, X., Maity, S., Engelman, R.M. and Das, D.K. (1991) Role of pho- spholipase A and C in myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. American Journal of Physiology, 29, H877-H883.
[31]	Reddy, A.N., Venugopal, N.B.R.K. and Reddy, S.L.N. (1995) Effect of endosulphan 35 EC on some bioche- mical changes in the tissues and haemolymph of a fresh water field crab, Barytelphusa guerini. Bulletin of Envi-ronmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55, 116-121. doi:10.1007/BF00212397
[32]	El-Ansary, A., El-Bardicy, S., Soliman, S.M. and Zayed, N. (2000) Sublethal concentration of Ambrosia maritima (Damsissa) affecting compatibility of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails to infection with Schistosoma mansoni through disturbing the glycolytic pathway. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 30, 809-819.
[33]	Horemans, A.M.C., Tielens, A.G.M. and Van Den Bergh, S.G. (1992) The reversible effect of glucose on the energy metabolism of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and schistosomual. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 51, 73-79. doi:10.1016/0166-6851(92)90202-U
[34]	Mchael, A.L., Wahab, R.A., Guriguis, N.M., El-Gazayerli, L.M. and Hamza, S. (1979) Effect of Schistosoma manso-ni infection in mice on hydrolytic enzyme activity of the liver. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 6, 37-44.
[35]	Scott, H.M., Coughtrie, M.W. andBurchell, A. (1991) Steroid sulfates inhibit rat hepatic microsomal glucose-6- phosphatasesystem. Biochemical Pharmacology, 41, 1529-1532. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(91)90572-M
[36]	Exton, J.H. (1982) Regulation of carbohydrate Metabol-ism by Cyclic Nucleotides. In: Kehalian, J.W. and Na-thasan, J.A. Eds., Cyclic Nucleotides. II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 58, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 3-88.
[37]	El-Aasar, A.A., El-Merzabani, M.M, Zakhary, N.I., Farag, H.I, Abdeen, A.M, Abd El-Salam, I. and Mokhtar, N.M. (1989) Biochemical and biophysical studies on schisto-somal liver of mice. Egypt. J. Bilh., 11, 19-33.
[38]	El-Shazly, A.M., Soliman, M., El-Kalla, M.R., Rezk, H., El-Nemr, H.E., Handousa, A.E. and Helmy, M.M. (2001) Studies on patients with Schistosoma mansoni; HCV and/or typhoid fever. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 31, 583-592.
[39]	Abdel-Rahman, H.M., El-Shanawani, F.M., Hassan, M.M., Salem, M. and El-Salhy, A.M. (1993) Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes abnormalities in hepatic schis-tosomiasis. Egypt iournal of Bilharzia, 15, 41-48.
[40]	El-Beshbishy, H. (2005) Hepatoprotective effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract against tamoxifen-induced liver injury in rats. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 38, 563-570. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2005.38.5.563
[41]	Zaidi, S.M. and Banu, N. (2004) Antioxidant potential vitamin A, E and C in modulating oxidative stress in rat brain. Clinica Chimica Acta, 33, 229-340. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2003.11.003
[42]	Ajith, T.A., Usha, S. and Nivitha, V. (2007) Ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol protect renal damage. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 9, 24-30
[43]	Naziroglu, M., Kuraoglu, A. and Aksoy,A. 2004. Sele-nium and high dose vitamin E administration protects cisplatin-induced oxidative damage to renal and lens tissue in rat. Toxicology, 195, 221-230. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2003.10.012
[44]	Abraham, P. (2005) Vitamin C may be beneficial in the prevention of paracetamol-induced renal damage. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 9, 24-30. doi:10.1007/s10157-004-0335-6
[45]	El-Fakahany, A.F.M., Abdalla, K.F., El-Hady, H.M., El-Aziz, S.M.A. and Afifi, L.M. (1993) The effect of Pra- ziquantel treatment on the liver function, worm burden, and granuloma size using two drug regimens in marine Schistosoma mansoni infection. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 23, 877-882.
[46]	[Metwally, A.A., Jaku, I., Komper, F., Khayyal, M.T., Fbeid, F.A. and Botros, S.S. (1990) Effect of schisto- somiasis infection on the clearance of phenazone in mice. Arzneimittel Forschung, 40, 206-209.