Quality of Life of Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis in Dakar: A Senegalese Single Centre Experience ()
Received 13 April 2016; accepted 3 June 2016; published 6 June 2016
1. Introduction
The quality of life (QOL) is undeniably a broad concept, especially when it is related to health and chronic disease but it has not yet been the subject of a public health plan. This measure is supposed to quantify the impact of diseases or medical interventions on the lives of patients in the subjective point of view [1] [2] . In Senegal, prevalence of chronic kidney disease is estimated to 4.9% and among these 0.2% require treatment by dialysis [3] . Peritoneal dialysis (PD) program started in Senegal since 2004 and contributed to treating more and more patients [4] . This study was conducted to evaluate the QOL of PD patients in Dakar and to identify the associated factors.
2. Patients and Methods
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from June 10th to 30th, 2011 in the peritoneal dialysis unit of University Hospital Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar. We included all patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) of any age, who were on PD since at least six months and who gave their consent. Patients with recent complications less than one month before and irregularly followed patients were excluded from the survey. QOL of the study population was assessed with the SF-36 [5] and the KDQoL-SF 1.2 [6] questionnaires. The short form 36, the generic module, includes 35 items corresponding to 8 fields divided into two dimensions:
- The physical dimension on “general health”, “physical activity”, “limitations due to physical activity”, “physical pain”, and “vitality”.
- The mental health dimension on “limitations due to mental activity”, “life and relations with others”, and “mental health”.
The KDQoL specific questionnaire tailored to kidney disease included 143 items divided into the following 19 areas:
- General health: D1
- Physical Activity: D2
- Limitations due to the physical condition: D3
- Physical pain: D4
- Vitality: D5
- Friendly and family relationships: D6
- Professional status: D7
- Limitations due to the mental state: D8
- Life and relationships with others: D9
- Mental health: D10
- Quality of the environment: D11
- The burden of kidney disease: D12
- Cognitive functions: D13
- Symptoms and problems: D14
- Effects of the disease on daily life: D15
- The quality of sexual activity: D16
- Sleep: D17
- Patient satisfaction: D18
- Encouragement by the dialysis team: D19
These areas are divided into four dimensions:
Physical dimension on the “physical function”, “professional status”, “limitations related to physical state”, “pain”, “general health” and “energy”.
Mental health dimension on the “welfare”, “quality of social life”, “burden of disease”, “social support”, and “limitations related to psychological health”.
Dialysis specific dimension related to “cognitive function”, “absence/presence of symptoms”, “disability of dialysis on daily life”, “sexual function” and “sleep”.
A dimension related to patient satisfaction on how it should be dealt with a question about “general satisfaction” and another about “support of the health care team”.
Scoring responses on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is the worst quality of life and 100 the best. A score is calculated for each domain (SMD). This is the maximum N score ratio an individual may have in the area and the patient’s n score in the field. It is expressed as a percentage and can identify the most affected areas. In addition, overall average score (SMG) corresponding to the mean SMD can assess each dimension. A better quality of life with a SMG high score has been noted. We opted firstly, seeking better interpretation of our results, for a standardized 50 with a standard deviation of 10.
The living standard was evaluated using patients’ monthly expenses. In all patients, the Charlson score was calculated [4] [7] , as well as the number of peritonitis. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as percentage. Comparison of proportions and means were done using Pearson’s Chi-square test or Student’s t-test as appropriated. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify clinical and biological parameters associated with bad QOL. All statistical tests were considered significant if p ˂ 0.05.
3. Results
In a total of 20 patients meeting the inclusion criteria but four patients were excluded for refusal. Thus, 16 patients participated in this study (acceptance rate of 80%). The characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1.
On the SF-36, the SMG was 60.11 ± 15.96. The score of physical health dimension is 53.66 ± 16.98 and that of the mental health dimension, 70.85 ± 6.14. SF-36 average scores (SMD) are shown in Figure 1.
For KDQoL, the SMG was 61.83 ± 19.35. The mean scores for each dimension were:
- Physical dimension: 50.55 ± 16.52 22
- Mental health dimension: 66.52 ± 14.14 23
- Dialysis specific dimension: 62.52 ± 21.53 24
- The dimension on patient satisfaction: 85.93 ± 12.06 25
The different SMD for KDQoL are shown in Figure 2.
Alteration of the quality of life was statistically significantly correlated with age in the D18 field (p = 0.01), with the weight in the D1 domains (p = 0.01), D2 (p = 0.03), D3 (p = 0.02) and D18 (p = 0.02), the level of education in the D3 (p = 0.04) and social support in the D2 areas (p = 0.01 ), D6 (p = 0.04), D7 (p = 0.01) and D15 (p = 0.01).
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Table 1. Demographical and clinical characteristics of patients.
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Figure 1. Summary Basis of Decisions (SBD) using SF-36.
4. Discussion
This is the first study which was conducted in Senegal where the quality of life of PD patients was assessed. The KDQoL was chosen because of its dialysis specific dimension [8] [9] . Some epidemiological and clinical variables had negative influences on our patients’ QOL. Thus, age was correlated with alteration of QOL in the field of patient satisfaction. In a study involving patients with regular hemodialysis, there was a correlation in the areas of pain, quality of the environment, cognitive functions [10] . The weight was correlated with alteration of QOL in the fields of general health, physical activity, vitality and patient satisfaction. This is explained by the fact that significant water/salt overloads had a negative impact on cardiorespiratory performance. The low level of education was correlated with impaired QOL in the field of “limitations due to physical activity”. This corroborates the results obtained by the same team on a hemodialysis population [10] . Social support was correlated with impaired QOL in the areas of physical activity, professional status and limitations due to mental activity. Similar results were found in hemodialysis [10] . This impairment of quality of life through social media can be explained by a feeling of guilt of patients, but especially by the fact that non-autonomous patients needed this support more.
About the SF-36, our results are consistent with the Figure 1 and Figure 2. We noted a slight similarity in the “General Health” and “Mental Health” areas. By contrast, it can be noted in our series that the “Limitations due to physical activity” and “Vitality” areas are altered in comparison with the studies of other authors (Figure 3). The results in the SF-36 in our study are far better than those obtained in hemodialysis [10] as shown in Figure 4 in connection with probably the best treatment and greater autonomy that the PD can offer.
Regarding KDQoL-SF average scores (SMD), the results of field limitations due to physical activity, quality of sexual activity, relationship and life and patient satisfaction showed a similarity with Boini in France [1] [2] . The results on the areas the sleep, friendly relations, physical activity, physical pain and burden of kidney disease corroborate those of Korea [11] (Figure 4). As for the average scores per dimension, it is noted that only the physical dimension is widely impaired. Indeed, our results in the mental health dimension were best compared to those of Turkey and Korea [11] - [13] .
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Figure 3. Histogram comparing quality of life as per SF-36.
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Figure 4. Histogram comparing SF-36 results.
Limitations of the Study
The main limitation was in the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire. A simple translation in the national language (Wolof) is not enough and a very precise work is needed, particularly as far as exploring the concepts is concerned. You can either create new questionnaires or adapt Anglo-Saxon questionnaires. The size of the sample which is not very representative does not allow for a correct interpretation of the results.
5. Conclusion
The study shows a poor QOL in PD patients assessed with both SF-36 and KDQoL-SF tools. Physical health was the most impaired item. The main associated factors with QOL were age, weight, social and education level. Given the small sample, a study of a larger scale is necessary in order to better analyze the factors affecting the quality of life.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.