Study on Water Resistance of Polydopamine Treatment Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites ()
Received 18 April 2016; accepted 23 May 2016; published 26 May 2016
1. Introduction
In recent years, the applications of wood plastic composites have attracted widespread attention such as in the field of construction, automotive and inner-outer room. Compared with the traditional synthetic fibers, wood flour (WF) has low density, non-abrasive nature, low energy consumption, renewable and biodegradable. In addition, they have high specific strength and modulus, low temperature resistance and corrosion resistance and other excellent characteristics [1] - [5] . It is an ideal reinforcing material in wood plastic composites. But because wood flour contains strong water absorption of the composition, which riches hydroxyl, hydrophilic strong. The surrounding environment will be more sensitive for the use of material and preparation of composites. The infiltration of water will destroy the interface between wood powder and resin, which leads to the change of the mechanical properties of WPCs and limit their end-use applications. At present, it is an important application field of WPCs to substitute wood for outdoor building materials and decorative materials. Therefore, the main requirements of WPCs are low water absorption. Otherwise, it will cause a series of problems in the outdoor environment such as deformation or warping, reduction in mechanical strength, reduction in fungal decay resistance, shortening in the material lifetime [6] . Therefore, to study the water absorption of WPCs and its influence it is very important [7] .
Polydopamine (PDA) is recently found to be adhesive to universal materials, including metal, ceramics, carbon nanotubes, graphene and polymers [8] . It is also reported that dopamine can be a green and novel surface modifier for natural fiber and can be an efficient way for the interfacial enhancement between matrix and fillers [9] .
In this research, the surface modification of wood flour is carried out by polydopamine. PP/WF wood plastic composites are prepared, then it is studied by comparing the change of properties before and after water absorption.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Polypropylene powder (PP), grade 045, is purchased from Sichuan ShengMa Chemical Industry Stock Co., Ldt, China. Wood flour (WF), particle size of 74 μm, is provided by Guangdong Jiangmen City Xinhui District Shuangshui Town MuJiang Weihua spice factory, China. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP): E-43 Epolene, is purchased from West Lake chemical company, Usa. Dopamine (DA) hydrochloride (99%) is purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. Tris-HCl is purchased from Chengdu Best Reagent Co., Ltd, China. Hydrochloric acid is purchased from Tianjin Bodi Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, China. Antioxidant, 1010, commercially available.
2.2. The Treatment of Wood Flour Using PDA
Firstly, dopamine hydrochloride added to Tris-HCl buffer (PH = 8.5) prepare dopamine solution (1 mg/ml), and then take a certain amount of WF into the dopamine solution and the solutions were further placed into Heat collection constant temperature type magnetic agitator DF-101S and stirred (stirring speed is about 600 rpm) for 24 hours at room temperature. The color of the solution has changed from colorless to dark brown after self- polymerization of dopamine. Followed by suction filtration modified WF rinsed with large quantity distilled water to remove the PDA which was not coated on the wood flour and dry in vacuum oven at 60˚C for 48 h.
2.3. Preparation of PP/WF Composites
Firstly, the weight fraction of WF is 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt%, respectively, PP and MAH-g- PP (PP/MAH = 80/20) are added to a high-speed mixer mixing for 5 min. Secondly, the mixture put into torque rheometer mixer that melt the mixture in 5 min (mixing temperature is 180˚C, mixing speed is 60 rpm) and finally prepare PP/WF composites. Samples for chemical properties test and water absorption test were molded into Micro injection molding under pressure 800 bar, mold temperature 50˚C, and the holding time is 30 s.
2.4. Performance Testing and Characterization
Flexural strength tests is carried out according to GB/T 9341-2000 specification, specimens (4 mm × 10 mm × 80 mm), span 64 mm. According to GB/T 1040.2 - 2006 standard test tensile strength, test sample is dumbbell type. According to GB/T 1043 - 1993 standard test impact strength, specimens (4 mm × 10 mm × 80 mm). The thermal stability was studied with Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA, TA instrument, Q500, USA). The temperature increases from 30˚C to 600˚C at a heating rate of 10˚C/min in air atmosphere; the melting and crystallization are study with Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Perkin-Elmer, pyris-1 DSC). Under the protection of nitrogen from the room temperature to 5˚C/min up to 200˚C, holding 5min, and then to 5˚C/min down to 80˚C, record their melting behaviors; For scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) investigation, the impact specimen cross section was put into Quanta 250 observation.
Determination of water absorption: specimens of wood plastic composite are numbered, weighing and placed in constant temperature water flume (23˚C) for different time. After a certain period of time, immersion specimens are removed from the water, and thoroughly dry with tissue papers, then immediately measure the weight and the thickness. The weight and thickness of specimens are measured to a precision of 0.0001 g and 0.001 mm, respectively. The percentage of water absorption (MC) can be calculated using Equation (1):
(1)
Here m0 quality of the specimen before immersion (g); m the quality of specimen after immersion (g).
The percentage of thickness swelling (TS) was calculated using Equation (2):
(2)
Here t0 thickness of specimen before immersion (mm); t thickness of specimen before immersion (mm).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Immersion Time on the Properties and Water Absorption of Wood Plastic Composites
The short-term water absorption of the PP/WF composites was monitored by full water immersion for 8 days as shown in Figure 1.
Composites made from polypropylene with 50 wt% WF absorbed water, absorption water ratios is 0.85% (relative to solids by weight) and thickness swelling ratios is 0.99%, respectively, after 8 days. Figure 1 shows that although the wood flour content is very high (WF is 50 wt%), but the WPCs water absorption is low (<1%). With the increasing of immersion time, the water absorption rate of WPCs is increased gradually, but the increasing rate is slow. The water absorption rates of composites are still not reach equilibrium after 8 days immersion. Because of the main component of wood flour is cellulose, which contains a large number of hydrophilic hydroxyl. At the same, shows the porous structure and a large number of capillary that the surface tension can easily absorb moisture. On the other hand, due to cellulose absorb moisture it leads to the expansion of the volume, the thickness of specimens that will be correspondingly larger. The water absorption and thickness of
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Figure 1. Effect of immersion time on WPC of water absorption and thickness swelling.
WPCs expansion rate has been increasing. But this increase relatively slows. General particleboard materials in 24 h after immersion thickness swelling rate reached 10% [10] . Thus it can be see this wood plastic composite of anti swelling performance is good.
Although, the wood flour content is high, but water absorption and thickness swelling of WPCs were relatively low. There are two possible reasons: one is this may be due to soaking time is not long enough, the amount of water molecules not enough to make structural material damage. The second is because wood flour has treated with polydopamine, while the surface is coated with a layer of strong dopamine. Moreover, wood flour is again coated with plastic matrix, that enhances the bonding strength between the plastic and wood flour. At the same, the composite system also has a certain amount of MA, so the compatibility is more improved.
The flexural properties are important for decision-making of WPCs applications. The failure of flexural strength and modulus of the composites, with WF content is 50 wt%, are shown in Figure 2(a). Figure 2(b) a curve shows the impact strength of WPCs after immersion. From Figure 2(a), Figure 2(b) we can obviously see it first increase and then decrease. This is because the water absorption process further eliminates the residual stress inside the material that leads to reduce the brittleness and increase the toughness of the material. When water molecules infiltrate into the composites, the part of the wood fibers gradually expanded again, and the molecular structure of cellulose destroy, while the bonding strength between PP and wood flour damage which lead to flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact of the strength decrease. After 8 days immersion, the impact of strength decrease from 3.32 kJ/m2 to 2.94 kJ/m2 and the retention rate is 88.6%; the flexural strength and modulus is 68.58 Mpa and 3.92 Gpa higher WPCs after 2 days immersion, respectively. This can be explained by better interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix allowing an improvement of stress transfer from the PP matrix to wood flour.
3.2. Effect of Immersion and Wood Flour Content on the Mechanical Behavior of Wood Plastic Composites
Water absorption and thickness swelling of WPCs are prepared from different content of wood flour under polydopamine treatment (WF-D) and polypropylene that are shown in Figure 3. Generally, the water absorption and thickness swelling increased with wood flour content because of the main component of wood flour is cellulose, which contains a large number of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups. Hence, an increase of free OH groups with wood cellulose content. These free OH groups interact with polar water molecules, leading to the weight gain of the composites. During immersion the wood flour absorbs a significant quantity of water, while the plastics absorbed very little. At the same time, it presents a porous structure that contains a large number of capillary. The surface tension is easy to absorb the moisture, the weight of the composite increases, and finally water absorption increase [11] .
One other hand, due to the cellulose absorbs moisture the thickness of the specimen will be correspondingly larger. With increasing the content of wood flour the thickness of the sample increases.
The Figure 4(a), Figure 4(b) shows that the flexural strength decreases from 67.96 to 64.21 Mpa by 5.52% and respectively flexural modulus decreases from 3.78 to 3.6 Gpa by 4.76%. Figure 4(c) shows the influence of
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Figure 2. Effect of immersion time on WPCs properties.
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Figure 3. Effect of wood flour content on wood plastic composites of water absorption and thickness swelling.
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(c)
Figure 4. Effect of wood flour content on wood plastic composites properties.
wood flour content on the impact strength of WPCs after absorbing in the water. The figure also shows that after 8 days immersion, wood flour is respectively 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt% of WPCs, the change of impact strength decreases by 1.2%, 13%, 18.74%, 23.74%, 20% compared with WPCs before immersion. The main reason for hydroxyl increase is due to increase of the content of wood flour, PP content is relatively low. The wood flour is difficult to disperse in PP matrix. The voids and cracks of WPCs increase, when more water molecules absorb which infiltrate composite material. The bonding interface between PP and wood flour is seriously damage, reduced the properties of WPCs [12] .
3.3. Crystallization Properties of Wood Plastic Composites before and after Immersion
Figure 5 shows the DSC curves which explain the 8 days immersion of WPCs with WF different content (20
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Figure 5. Non isothermal crystallization curves of wood plastic composites. (a) PP/MA/20WF-D: 1-Before immersion; 2-After immersion; (b) PP/MA/50WF-D: 1-Before immersion, 2-After immersion.
wt%, 50 wt%). From the Figure 6 we can see the melting temperature, crystallization temperature and degree of supercooling slightly decrease after immersion. However, the reduction of the value is low. It shows that, when the water has penetrated into the voids and the gully of the material system, the immersion time is short so water penetration is less, the interface of the composite is damaged, but the degree of damage is not serious. The decrease in mechanical properties of WPCs is not very clear. Specific data is shown in Table 1.
3.4. Thermal Stability of Wood Plastic Composites before and after Immersion
Figure 6 shows TGA curves of WPCs with WF content by 20 wt% and 50 wt% before and after 8 days immersion. Figure 6 shows, the maximum thermal decomposition temperature and residual amount of WPCs after immersion is slightly lower than without soaking water, but not obvious. This because many water molecules enters into the WPCs of the composite material after immersion that reduce interface bonding force between WF and PP. Therefore, low energy is needed to destroy the interface force. The data is shown in Table 2.
3.5. Microstructure of Wood Plastic Composites before and after Immersion
In order to have a more in-depth understanding of water absorption of WPCs deformation mechanism. The cross sections of the specimen were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Figure 7).
From Figures 7(a)-(d) we can see the wood flour surface of impact section of wood plastic composite materials after immersion. It shows that the surface is attached to a large number of polypropylene resins. The interface of WF and PP is closely bonded. It shows that the bond strength between WF and PP is good. While the Figures 7(e)-(h) obviously seen that, the interface crack is more than the WPCs after immersion. There are many gaps and micro porous in the WPCs section. This shows that the interfacial compatibility of WF and PP has a certain degree of variation in WPCs after immersion. The reason is that the mechanical strength of WPCs decreases after immersion. Wood plastic composites mainly fill with wood flour. Wood flour will be absorbent, and expand after the immersion of WPCs. As a results the stress are produced on the plastic matrix which are coated with wood powder was produced this stress also produce small cracks. Then the interface between wood and plastic is damaged. Finally it affects its mechanical properties.
By Figure 8 we can see wood flour content is 50 wt% of the wood plastic composite after 8 days immersion, its impact fracture shows destruction severely. When wood flour content is 20 wt% then impact fracture shows destruction slightly. If the wood flour content is 50 wt% then the wood flour and PP interface has more gullies, porosity. The reason is that water molecules penetrate into the micro pore and gullies of PP that form a new micro pore and gully. When the wood flour content is higher, water molecules more easily penetrate into the WF and PP interface through the capillary action along the fiber direction then the gully and micro porous more appear that lead to the destruction of the interface bond between the PP and WF. Eventually it leads to the decline
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Figure 6. TGA curves of PP/WF composites. (a) PP/MAH-g-PP/20WF-D: 1-Before immersion, 2-After immersion; (b) PP/ MAH-g-PP/50WF-D: 1-Before immersion, 2-After immersion.
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Table 1. Melting and crystallization properties of the wood-plastic composites.
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Table 2. TGA data of wood plastic composites after soaking.
Note: initial decomposition temperature T5% (5% weight loss). The maximum decomposition rate of WF and PP is TWFmax and TPPmax, Maximum decomposition temperature Tmax, Residue YC.
in properties of the whole wood plastic composites.
4. Conclusion
In this work, water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) of WPCs made using polydopamine modified wood surface are studied. With the water immersion tests, WA and TS increase with wood content and immersion time. After immersion, WPCs have been shown water absorption and thickness swelling low. Even with as high wood content as 50 wt%, the water absorption and thickness swelling of WPCs is still low (<1%). The mechanical strength, crystallization and thermal properties of the material slightly decrease, but not too serious.
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Figure 8. The fracture surface of wood plastic with wood flour of different content. (a) PP/MA/20WF-D; (b) PP/MA/50WF-D.
It can be said by using a modified wood component in WPCs, it is possible to use a higher wood weight percent in the composites with maintained long-term performance. That is using less thermoplastic matrix, which often is several times more expensive as compared to the wood component. The composites made using polydopamine modified wood material have very low water absorption and thickness swelling thus the products is stable in humid environment. The results and findings of this work provide evidence that the polydopamine modified wood flour can be successfully used to produce stable WPCs suitable for exterior applications in terms of low water absorption and low thickness swelling.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.