Adherence to Lifestyle Advice and Treatments in Pakistani Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ()
Received 22 November 2015; accepted 1 February 2016; published 6 February 2016
1. Introduction
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been rising, especially in developing countries, alongside increasing obesity and sedentary lifestyles. It is a growing healthcare concern with an increasing impact on individuals, populations, and public health [1] . The International Diabetes Federation’s most recent estimates indicate 382 million people worldwide (8.3% of adults) have diabetes, and the number of people with the disease is set to rise around 592 million by 2035 [1] [2] . T2DM remains a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, blindness, amputation and renal diseases in most high income countries. With increasing prevalence of T2DM in low and middle income countries, similar complications are also expected to rise, leading to significant human and economic costs. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has estimated diabetes national prevalence for Pakistan for the year 2013 to be 6.76% [2] [3] .
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by insulin resistance along with defect in insulin secretion leading to hyperglycemia [4] [5] . It is a complex interaction between genetic factors, behavioral and environmental factors [4] . There is an established link between type 2 diabetes and modifiable risk factors such as obesity, smoking and physical inactivity [4] [6] [7] . Exercise training, often in combination with other lifestyle strategies, has shown beneficial effects on preventing the onset of T2DM and improving glycemic control in those with pre-diabetes [4] [7] -[10] .
Adherence to prescribed lifestyle changes have been shown to improve blood glucose levels and also reduce dyslipidemia and blood pressure which are key risk factors for the development of micro and macro-vascular complications of diabetes [11] . Adherence to treatment has been defined as “the extent to which a person’s behavior―taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes―corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider [12] [13] . A recent study conducted in Bangladesh showed non-adhe- rence rates for: blood glucose monitoring (37%), diet (44.8%), foot care (43.2%), exercise (33.2%) and smoking (37.2%) [14] . A study from Jordan reported that 81.4% of patients did not follow diabetes meal plans as recommended by the dietitians, two thirds (67.9%) of patients did not participate in physical exercise and only 38.1% of patients monitored their blood glucose levels at home yet, most of the patients (91.9%) were adherent to medication advice [15] . No data on adherence to lifestyle advice and treatment among diabetic patients has been reported from Pakistan
The primary objective of this study was to determine adherence to lifestyle advice and treatment among type 2 diabetic patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi Pakistan, with specific evaluation of adherence to medication, dietary advice, blood sugar monitoring, physical activity and foot care. The secondary objective was to explore the relationship between adherence and factors such as gender, education, length and control of diabetes, occupation and ethnic background.
2. Materials and Methods
This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted at the Diabetes Clinic, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), following approval from AKU-Ethics Review Committee.
Patients ≥ 18 yrs old, who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus for more than 1 year and during September 2014 to November 2014, were included in the study following informed consent.
Data was collected through patient interviews and reviewing hospital records. A structured questionnaire was developed which comprised of questions on demographic information, duration of diabetes and duration of follow-up, family history, co-morbidities, clinical parameters, and medications. They were also asked questions on self-care practices for diabetes management such as compliance to medications, dietary advice, physical activity, blood glucose monitoring foot care and refraining from any form of tobacco use.
Self-reported dietary compliance were categorized as good adherence (if participants mostly follow recommended dietary advice), partial adherence (if participant occasionally followed recommended dietary advice) and non-adherence (if patient did not follow any dietary advice)
Self-Reported good adherence to physical activity was consider if participants performed regular exercise/ walk > 150 minutes/week, Partial adherence, if participants performed 60 - 150 minutes of physical activity per/ week and non-adherence , if participants performed < 60 minutes of physical activity per week.
Good, partial and non-adherence to blood sugar monitoring was considered if participants monitored blood sugar > 3 times/week, 1 - 3 times/week and never respectively. Good, partial and not adherent to medication use (both for OHA and Insulin) were considered if self-reported compliance was 80% - 100%, 50% - 79% and < 50% respectively. Good adherence to foot care was considered if participants followed doctor’s advice and examined their regularly. Good adherence to tobacco advice was considered if participants refrained from tobacco use after getting advice from the health care provider.
All analyses were conducted by using the Statistical package for social science SPSS version 19.0. Descriptive analyses were done for demographic and Laboratory features and presented as mean ± standard deviation. Chi-squared tests were performed on categorical data to find the relationships between variables.
3. Results
3.1. Participant’s Characteristics
During the study period a total of 264 patients (130 men and 134 women) were included in the study. Participants were aged between 32 and 92 years with a mean age of 55.7 years (SD ± 10.7). Mean duration of diabetes was 10.7 yrs. (SD ± 7.7). A majority of patients were Urdu speaking (47.3%) whereas others included Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, Pathan and others. Majority of the participants were educated, with only 16 (6.1%) having no formal education. Most of the participants (89%) were married. Table 1 shows demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
Table 2 shows proportion of comorbid conditions among the participants. A higher percentage of patients had dyslipidemia (76.1%) and hypertension (72%). Among those who were obese (n = 168), a higher percentage (77%) reported a coexistence of hypertension with diabetes (p = 0.01). 10.8% of the men also reported to have erectile dysfunction.
3.2. Adherence to Lifestyle Advice
Adherence rate to lifestyle advice among participants is shown in Figure 1. Around 9.5% of the participants were non-adherent to blood glucose monitoring and 25% were not fully-adherent to dietary advice. Almost 61.7% were non adherent to physical activity guidelines where most participants (93.2%) reported to have awareness about the benefits of physical activity. About 43.4% of the participants used tobacco despite having knowledge about its health effects and 43.9% were non-adherent to foot care advice. None of the participants reported non-adherence to medications. About 57.2% of the participants were on oral hypoglycemic agents, 6.4% were on insulin and 36.4% were on a combination of oral anti-diabetic agents and insulin. Around 2.2% of the participants reported to consume alcohol either regularly or occasionally, 3.8% were ex-users whereas a majority of participants (93.9%) reported to have never used alcohol.
Various forms of tobacco were found to be used by the participants. About 5.7% of the participants reported smoking currently, 9.5% were ex-smoker, 2.7% participants reported to smoke occasionally whereas most participants (82.2%) reported to have never smoked. Median number of cigarette packs consumed by the current smokers was 182.5 whereas for ex-smokers it was 365. Only 2 of the participants reported to have consumed sheesha, 3 reported using naswaar and 19 reported using pan currently. Among the types of exercises reported by the participants, most reported mild walking (58.2%) followed by brisk walk (26.7%). a very few participants reported using Gym, stretching exercises and yoga.
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Figure 1. Distribution of patients according to self-reported adherence to lifestyle advice and treatment.
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Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
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Table 2. Comorbid conditions of the study participants.
3.3. Correlation of Different Factors with Adherence to Lifestyle Advice
A significantly higher number of males reported to use tobacco (26.2% among males vs. 6% among females, p < 0.001). Also, a higher number of men reported good adherence to physical activity (75.8% in men vs. 24.2% in women p < 0.001). None of the women reported to use alcohol whereas 4.6% of men reported current alcohol use (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in the categories of medication and dietary adherence across genders
4. Education
Most of the participants were educated in this group of participants. Around 46.6% of the participants had above high school education and only 6.1% reported to have no formal education. Good adherence to physical activity was found to be highest in participants with more than high school education (33.3% in high school education vs. 14.4 in less than or equal to high school education and 18.8% with no formal education p = 0.01). No significant differences were seen in self-reported dietary or medication compliance across the categories of education.
5. Length of Diabetes
A higher proportion of participants (62.1%) had diabetes for more than seven years. Participants who had diabetes for more than seven years were more compliant to oral hypoglycemic agents as compared to those who had diabetes for less than or equal to 7 years (63.1% vs. 36.9%, p-value = 0.08)
6. Occupation
A higher percentage of participants reporting tobacco use were business men (33.3%), followed by salaried individuals (26.2%), only 16.7% were homemakers (p = 0.001). Of those who reported good adherence to physical activity (> 150 minutes/week) most were salaried individuals (33.9%) followed by business men (32.3%). Amongst those who reported partial adherence most (53.8%) were homemakers (p ≤ 0.001). Of those who reported alcohol consumption (n = 16), 6 were salaried individuals whereas 9 were businessmen.
7. Ethnic Background
There were no differences in adherence based on ethnic background in this population.
8. Glycemic Control
Of the total 264 participants, 47.3% had good glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%). Table 3 shows the proportion of patients with good and suboptimal glycemic control according to patient characteristics and adherence to lifestyle advice. Diabetes was likely to be better controlled among those with lesser duration with diabetes, follow- up duration between 1 and 3 years and triglyceride level < 150. Suboptimal glycemic control was more common among patients with ischemic heart disease (68.1%), neuropathy (64.8%), on insulin alone (62.5%) and on combination of Insulin and OHA (69.8%).
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Table 3. Proportion of patients with good and poor glycemic control according to demographic, clinical characteristics and adherence behaviors.
No significant differences were observed in the categories of tobacco use, alcohol use, foot care, education, occupation, marital status and presence of comorbid conditions such as erectile dysfunction, depression and diabetic foot.
9. Discussion
Our study reported lower non-adherence for self-monitoring of blood glucose (9.5%) and lower percentage of participants who were not fully adherent to dietary advice (25%) as compared to studies from other developing and developed countries [14] -[19] . Non adherence to physical activity was reported to be 61.7% in our study which was comparable to a study from Jordan (68%) and higher than the ones reported from other settings [14] [15] [17] [19] . Our participants reported higher non-adherence rates (43.4%) to tobacco advice as compared to other settings [14] [17] - [19] . Non-adherence to foot care advice (43.9%) was almost similar to a study reported from Bangladesh [14] . Surprisingly, none of the patients from our study reported non-adherence to medications.
In our study, a combination of several factors including lesser duration with diabetes, follow up duration between 1 and 3 years and triglyceride level < 150 was associated with good glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%). Furthermore patients with suboptimal glycemic control were found to have strong association with ischemic heart disease (68.1%), neuropathy (64.8%), on insulin alone (62.5%) and on combination of insulin and OHA (69.8%). These results also showed that significant no of diabetic patients had comorbid conditions like obesity (78.4%), dyslipidemia (76.1%) and hypertension (72%)
The results from previous studies have indicated poor glycemic control among those with increased duration of diabetes, lower level of education, higher BMI, hypercholesterolemia and elevated triglyceride levels. However, in our study glycemic control did not show any correlation with level of education or BMI. Physical activity was directly proportional to level of education but physical activity did not show any association with good glycemic control (p value 0.168). This lack of association can probably be explained by the fact that in our study population 61.7% of the patients were non-adherent to the physical regimen that they were advised to follow.
This study was the first study conducted in Pakistan to determine adherence to lifestyle factors and their association with glycemic control. However, this study is cross sectional, where causal relationship between independent and dependent variables cannot be established, so a longitudinal study is needed to assess the relationship between those variables over time. This study was conducted in a specialized diabetic clinic, so the results might be different if compared with public sector hospitals or in the general population. These patients mostly undergo a detailed diabetes education program. Moreover, the study is self-reporting in nature and might involve reporting bias, using a more objective approach would be helpful.
Conflict of Interests
The all authors declared that they have no conflict of interests.
Ethical Standards
This research has been conducted on the humans after institutions’ ethical review committee approval. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. This study was not funded.
Authors Contribution
SM led the conception and design, acquisition of data, review of literature, and drafted the manuscript.
RK helps in design, literature search and drafting of manuscript.
SN involved in acquisition of data and review of literature.
MM reviewed the manuscript and involved in statistical analysis and results formulation.
JA supervised and provided expertise for the overall design of study and critically reviewed the manuscript.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.