Received 23 October 2015; accepted 7 December 2015; published 10 December 2015
1. Introduction
Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a known endangered plant in the world [1] - [5] . It is gynodioceious in nature [4] - [6] . The plant belongs to the family Valerianaceae and it has almost 350 sps distributed throughout the world except Australia and New Zealand [4] . This plant is mostly found in higher altitudes with many species in higher alpine zones [4] . The female plants were found to have pistillate flowers without an androceium and four white (large) or tinged with pink (small) petals [4] [5] [7] - [9] . In North Western Himalayan region, hermaphrodite plants were reported to have five petals and three stamens that are epipetalous and opposite to the corolla lobes and female plants were found to have four petals and not five like hermaphrodite (Table 1) [4] - [6] [8] - [10] . However, we found the abrupt appearance of four and five petals randomly in the inflorescences of flowers in hermaphrodite plants and also in female plants (Figure 1 and Figure 2). They were not seen in each and every flower of the inflorescence. Stamens were also located in between the petal spaces of the flower as it was otherwise reported [4] [5] [9] [10] . They were reported to be found in white, long prominently larger than pistillate flower (Table 1) [4] [5] . Anthesis was observed 3 - 4 days earlier in female flowers than hermaphrodite flowers [6] [11] . Anthesis of female flowers was reported to be found earlier than hermaphrodite flowers in the elevations of KUBG (Kashmir University Botanical Garden) (1490 m asl), Ferozpura (2150 m asl) and found at the same time in Gulbarg (2650 m asl), Kashmir [10] in different elevations [6] .
Origin of the plant material: The plant was introduced in the research station by collecting seedlings from Sangtok (27˚25'N 88˚31'E), North Sikkim, for the purpose of conservation programme as per the work programme planned by Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (DMAPR), a body developed by ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) with the sole purpose of collection and conservations programmes of medicinal and aromatic plants including rare endangered medicinal plant species in their natural habitats by constructing field gene banks and other necessary facilities to protect them from natural damage or extinction from the country and the world [12] [13] .
The overall objective of our study is to find out reasons behind divulging the natural process of formation of floral structure in the plant Valeriana jatamansi Jones in this new region from what it is generally reported [4] [5] [9] [10] because floral development genes were found to be somewhat obstinate genes which was not frequently reported to be found changed in different environments [14] - [21] .
We divided process of investigations into following headings:
1) The random relative change in floral morphology in some of the flowers in both types of sexes of the plant (Figure 1 & Figure 2).
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Figure 1. The character of flowers where in hermaphrodite flower it was found to have both type of flowers having four and five number of petals; the stamens are found in between the petal spaces; this was found to be nature’s disruption of stabilizing selection in which deformed and random development of the reproductive organs were found due extreme environmental stress in the new environment.
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Figure 2. The female plant having flowers having four and five number of petals in the same plant which also resembling the same pattern of evolution as was found in hermaphrodite plant (Figure 1); the evolutionary process was found going on in this region.
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Table 1. Structural differences of flower found in the ex-situ conservation in Regional Research Station, Kalimpong (3000 ft asl).
2) Relationship between floral traits and seed setting in a new environment (Tables 2-4, Table A1 and Figures 3(a)-(e)).
i) In the first case we discussed the reasons behind it (Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3) where we found its changes in floral biology in both the types of sexes of the plant. Natural history or population biology of the species in question or developmental mechanisms of the species should be understood before justifying the changes due to DI which was earlier reported [4] [5] [9] [10] . [15] - [21] found phenovarients in floral morphology in their experimental organisms in different places where deformation of reproductive organs reported due to environmental insults like us. The photoperiod length and maximum and minimum temperatures are given in (Table 4) due to which environmental insults were found in this region for the plant’s adaptation.
ii) In the second case, relationship between different floral traits with seed setting was investigated (Table 2, Table 3, Figures 3(a)-(e) and Table A1). The effect of floral organs in fitness of population was found [17] [22] - [25] in different regions of the world.
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Table 2. Quantitative parameters of flower and seed wt of Valeriana jatamansi Jones.
Floral traits and their Standard Deviation values.
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Table 3. Correlation matrix of Valeriana jatamansi Jones.
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Table 4. Average Weather data and Mean day length: April 2012-March 2014.
Data are from Automated Meteorological Laboratory, Regional Research Station, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalay, Kalimpong, Darjeeling West Bengal, India.
Model 1. Conditions of heterozygousity.
Model 2. Conditions of heterozygousity.
Model 3. Condition of heterozygousity.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geographical Position of the Study Site at Research Station
The hill zone of West Bengal, India, as one of the six parts of the different geographical zones comprising of three hilly subdivisions, Darjeeling (27˚3'N88˚16'E), Kalimpong (27.06˚N 88.47˚E) and Kurseong (26˚52'40''N 88˚16'38''E) which is situated in northern part of the state West Bengal. The geographical area of this zone is about 3115 sq km, which is 3.5% of the total state area. The elevation of the site is about 3150 mt. above sea level. The highest average rainfall varies from 2500 - 3000 mm of which 80% is received during June to September. Snowfall during first half of January is also very common in areas above 2200 m above sea level. The average maximum and minimum temperatures round the year recorded 34˚C and 7˚C respectively (Table 4).
2.2. Measurement of Flower Morphotype
A plant would survive in a new environment could only be interpreted by its fitness or the ability of forming seeds [17] [23] . Flower morphology was recorded by sampling [23] 30 plants per morphotype (populations of entire leaf margin, sinuate leaf margin and wavy leaf margin) where, from each plant five flowers were recorded. After recording, the average of five flowers in each plant and consequently total average of flowers were done in 30 plants in each of the morphotype population. The three types of morphs were taken into consideration to find out any relevance of difference of results present if any. The results of the floral parameters were given in Table 2. [16] and [26] suggested in their investigations particularly taking into account of different floral parameters in a zoophilous plant and Penstemon centranthifolius of Scorphulariaceae family respectively about the contributing effects of floral parameters on fitness of the population and also type of selection by nature.
The flower parts were taken into account in hermaphrodite and female flowers were i) length, breadth and number of sepals, ii) length, breadth and number of petals iii) length and number of stamens iv) length, breadth and number of anthers v) length and number of style, vi) length, breadth and number of stigma and vii) total length of the flower and viii) total number of flowers in a single plant (Table 2) [16] [17] [22] [23] [26] .
The measurement of flower parts was conducted by venire calliper scale to record the observations of the parameters of flowers of both hermaphrodite and female flowers (Table 2). Numbers of flowers were also taken both in hermaphrodite and female plant and correlation of seed wt with each parameter were done to find out if any relationship with any of the floral trait was found at all in this region.
2.3. Correlation Analysis
Correlation matrix in SPSS software was measured for each of the floral traits and relationship between each one of them (Table 3). We also did correlation analysis to identify the magnitude of influence of flower parameters for fitness of a single plant. Relationship of each floral parameter was found as it signals the process of evolutionary phenomenon of selection of nature of a plant during the period of domestication [22] [23] .
2.4. Univariate Regression Model
The validity of regression model for predicting successful pollination and seed set in a plant was one of the methods for finding out the role of floral traits for pollination by animals or insects in many previous reported investigations [17] [22] -[25] which was investigated in addition to the investigations of breakdown of floral homeostasis in this plant.
Seed yield or seed setting in a plant is the most important signal for domestication of a plant in a new region [22] . [27] utilized a regression model where he did linear regression model while investigating different floral traits and fruit size among the various species of genus Phacelia. Regression analysis was done with each parameter to find out the predictability of the effect of flower parameters with respect to seed yield of the plant. Scatter diagrams were observed to infer the relationship between each parameter and the seed wt of the plant (Figures 3(a)-(e)). Here non-parametric relationships were found to be better fitted for the regression analysis of some floral parameters depending on the r2 (co-efficient of variation) values.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Change in Floral Morphology
It was earlier reported in Linanthus sps., variable expression in petal numbers [15] , in Eichhornia panuculata variable expression in petal numbers was reported [19] and in Mimulus guttatus, variable expression of size of floral organs was found [20] , it was not found or reported by ecologists or scientists very frequently.
From the ecological point of view, the ability of organisms to withstand different environmental insults or stress to produce a predictable phenotype is named as developmental homeostasis [28] [29] . The generalisation of overall process can be presented as a schematic diagram in the following way:
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Flow chart
Developmental instability is known to be the estimator of genetic stress [30] which results in disruptive selection and development of deformed structure of floral organs, although quantification developmental homeostasis due to genetic effect is very complex and difficult to explain clearly. [30] gave a view of quantification by measuring out the variability of genetical or phenotypical variance (Vg) or (Vp) in a population, but still it is a very complex process for exact quantification. There were found to be various other factors that affected in a process of genetic instability. Disruption of stabilizing selection is sometimes suddenly observed in a new region where any population is introduced by man or nature depending on the type of stress given by nature [16] . Due to extreme environmental stress of a new region or sudden change in environmental parameters, developmental instability (DI) and fluctuating asymmetry (FI) is observed where a plant population loses its original homology of floral or vegetative structure from its parent habitat (Figure 1 & Figure 2) [29] .
3.2. Canalization and Developmental Instability
According to [28] , canalization is the process or ability of any organism to produce same phenotype across different environments whereas developmental stability is the ability of a plant or any organism to produce same repetitive phenotype within the same environment. The phenotype may be any vegetative or floral organs of a plant. It means overall robustness of the plant or an organism. DH is the result of continuous process of canalizing selection which helps to reduce the accidental phenotypic variation in any region [14] [21] [31] .
Developmental stability (DS) shows the processes in a plant that reduce phenotypic variation arising from environmental accidents [32] . Breakdown of developmental stability or homeostasis certainly leads to disruptive selection of the plants and consequently changes in vegetative or reproductive organs [14] [15] [19] [20] . Structural differences of an individual female and hermaphrodite flower found in this region and normally found were given in (Table 1) confirm the developmental instability in a region.
Unique flower morphology and Lerner’s hypothesis―According to Lerner’s genetic homeostasis model, 7 important hypotheses are to be mentioned [33] .
i) Sexually reproducing organisms have certain genotypes that develop self regulating developmental patterns and phenotype.
ii) Genetic composition (variation) that enhances natural fitness of the environment at hand is retained through self equilibrium properties.
iii) Developmental and genetic homeostasis is maintained because of the superiority of the heterozygotes in the population.
iv) The evolution of auto regulation requires the evolution of certain levels of obligate heterozygousity in mendelian populations.
v) The appearance of occasional morphological deviants (Phenodeviants) which as demonstrated by Waddington can arise in response to a change in environment―is linked to heterozygousity as “a certain percentage individuals of every generation falls below the threshold of the obligate proportion of loci needed in a heterozygous state to ensure normal development”
vi) Metric traits result from the inheritance of additively acting polygenic systems.
vii) Natural selection―essentially the sum of past evolutionary history―counteracts against attempts to shift populations too rapidly and/or too far from adaptive means to maintain a phenotypic balance between fitness- determining characters.
3.3. Models and Explanation of Breakdown of Floral Homeostasis
From the seven hypotheses, the fifth is close for describing the cause DI in floral form in our present investigation. A certain percentage of individuals fall below the threshold of obligate proportion of loci needed for heterozygous state. We presented a model as a contribution to the hypotheses based on legible points about a plant. The plant population which will have minimum amount of heterozygousity undergoes the mutation in one or more genes of co-adaptive gene complexes, causes silent mutation in the complex and does not inhibit the production of necessary proteins or enzymes responsible for floral organogenesis. Especially [34] propounded buffering action of genes and more heterozygousity means more buffering action against adverse environments and he evolved balance theory [34] .
3.4. Basic Configuration of Genes
Genotype of a plant is AB/CD responsible for FH where gene A, B, C, and D co adaptive gene complexes responsible for flower initiation, development of flower organs, formation of male and female gametes and subsequent maturation of gametes according to their type of sexuality.
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We consider two genes in non-homologous chromosomes responsible for minimum number of genes present for heterozygousity, because one gene in one chromosome does not create any heterozygousity, minimum two genes are required for any heterozygous condition for the formation of co-adaptive gene complex.
i) We assume a condition where more than 50% of mutation will cause lethality of the plant/organism, it would be difficult to produce flowers or even if flowers are produced, it will have abortive stamen or non functional flower genes which will not produce organs of the flower and the plant/organism will die (first condition). Here mutation is extreme and non functional proteins are produced due to non sense mutation where fitness of population is obstructed.
ii) We also assume the conditions where temperature and photoperiodism will cause particular changes in co- adaptive gene complexes and DI/BFH/FA is observed due to shortening of photoperiod length and above the range of average temperature in a particular niche.
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Mutation specifically silent mutation takes place in producing the desired product of desired genotype of the floral organs, no frame shift or nonsense mutation takes place due to extreme stress of photoperiod and temperature. There must be the end result of the protein or enzyme even low amount or the amount which will help to produce the consistent desired phenotype and effective gametic cells with consistent meiotic divisions even if there are environmental insults like deviation length of photoperiod or heat or any type of abiotic stress impulse have an effect on plant.
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Particular length of the photoperiod or temperature range initiates flowering stage of a plant and shifting of vegetative stage to reproductive stage starts on a critical period of length of photoperiod and range of temperature (First condition). More than the critical range of temperature or length of photoperiod will alter the development of flower organs and DI/BFH/FA is found.
3.5. Flower Dimensions of Female and Hermaphrodite Flowers
3.5.1. Correlation Analysis
The total flower length of female flower was found to be always higher than hermaphrodite flower in all three morphs. Breadth of the sepal and length of the sepal was found to be moderately correlated (0.472) (Table 3) in the correlation matrix assessment although breadth of the sepal was found to be negatively correlated with seed wt per plant (−0.300). Length of the sepal was found to be negatively correlated (−0.051) with seed wt per plant (Table 3).
In case of length of the petal or corolla it was found to be weakly positively correlated with length of the sepal (0.272) and moderately positively correlated with breadth of the sepal (0.511) (Table 3). However length of the petal was found to be strongly negatively correlated with seed wt per plant (0.845) although it was found to be very strongly correlated with breadth of petal (0.956), length of stamen (0.981) length of anther sac (0.739), breadth of anther sac (0.939), flower length (0.959) (Table 3).
In case breadth of corolla, it was found to be strongly negatively correlated with seed wt per plant (−0.889) although it was observed to strongly positively correlated length of stamen (0.950), breadth of anther sac (0.809), flower length (0.916) and number of flowers per plant (0.719). Length of style was found to be negatively correlated with all the parameters of flower except in length of stigma (0.295), breadth of the stigma (0.267) and most importantly moderately strong with seed wt per plant (0.561) (Table 3).
3.5.2. Regression Model
From the Table A1 (Supplementary Data) and Figures 3(a)-(e), the following interpretations could be gleaned out to reach out the predictions.
a) Number of flowers per plant:
The prediction of seed wt could be done by adopting the regression model where the regression equation would be
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(Table A1(a)) (Supplementary data)
b) Flower length:
The prediction of seed wt could be interpreted by the regression equation
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(Table A1(b)) (Supplementary data)
c) Length of Style:
The regression equation of length of style would be
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(Table A1(c)) (Supplementary data)
d) Length of petal:
The regression equation
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(Table A1(d)) (Supplementary data)
We found![]()
. This value is also found to be close to the mean value of seed wt within the range of standard deviation value (±3.1) of hermaphrodite plant having entire leaf margin.
e) Breadth of petal:
Regression equation would be
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(Table A1(e)) (Supplementary data)
3.6. Difference in Flowering Time of the Plant and Photoperiodism
During the month of December, the lowest temperature in this region was found 6.4˚C and highest temperature was recorded 15.1˚C (Table 4). In February, average temperature gradually increases to 20.1˚C as highest and lowest was found 10.6˚C. In the month of March, highest temperature was recorded around 24.1˚C whereas lowest temperature was recorded 12.1˚C. In the month of April, highest temperature was recorded 27.3˚C whereas lowest was recorded 15.2˚C (Table 4). But no initiation of flowering was recorded or found in the overall population in the next months in a year. The appropriate location was found in the elevation 1200m∙asl - 1500 m∙asl according investigations done previously [10] and also from the present investigation where maximum flowering was observed and positive fecundity was observed in North Eastern Himalayan region from the month of December to April.
The fact of differential time of flower initiation can be reasoned and consequently supported by the studies on phenological variation between population of one species either along latitudinal or elevation gradients [18] or between ecologically distinct habitats [35] and because of low temperature regime and short range of photoperiodism.
One of the important reasons for changes in morphology is environmental stress factors where flower structure changes in a new habitat [14] - [16] [19] (Model 2 and Model 3). The change in floral morphology in our investigation may be distinguished as of environmental stress and genetic stress which would be very significant from the evolution point of view and we showed them in Model 3.
The process of random development of number of petals was found (Figure 1 and Figure 2) to be undergoing breakdown of floral homeostasis (Model 2) due to silent mutation. Environmental stress [15] [19] which causes the genetic manipulations and silent mutations in the population ultimately results in breakdown of developmental homeostasis. In this region huge scarcity of rainfall along with low temperature and humidity and short day length (Table 4) was found to imbalance the homeostasis of floral genes (Model 3) and co adaptive gene complexes of the population (Model 3).
We observed three prongs in the upper portion of the stigma (Figure 2) which would draw attention of the pollinators better than earlier settings where three prongs were found in the middle part of the stigma (Table 1) [9] and thus would very likely to enhance the chances pollination and very much significant also from the evolution point of view.
3.7. Flower Morphological Traits
3.7.1. Number of Flowers per Plant
Asper reports, number of plants was found to have certain direct influence on the seed setting of the plant [22] [36] . The prediction of seed setting in a plant could be done from the regression equation
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Now the plant was found to survive well in temperate region and it was found here also when newly introduced in this region. This regression model could be applicable to anywhere in the world where the plant survives well. Although the co-efficient of determination was found to be not so strong (0.395) (Figure 3(a)), the results was fairly fitted in the regression line and F value was also found to significant. The number of flowers per plant both in hermaphrodite and female plant was found, so prediction of seed setting per plant could be done in a new habitat as well in a natural habitat of the plant [22] [36] .
3.7.2. Length of Flower
Length of flower was found to have effect in the seed setting of a plant. The regression equation was found
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where the prediction of seed wt could be ascertained when length of flower was found. The coefficient of determination in the scatter diagram (Figure 3(b)) was 0.751 which was quite strong and the performed the goodness of fit in the regression line. The F value in the F table and other co-efficients of independent variables in the t table was also found to be significant. The equation was found to be universally acceptable when by applying known flower length; the prediction of seed set per plant could be ascertained [27] .
3.7.3. Length of Petal
Length of corolla or petal was found to have influence on seed setting. [27] investigated the relationship with corolla length with fruit parameter and found a linear relationship with them. The coefficient of determination was found 0.295. (Figure 3(c)) which was not so strong, but the F value was found to be significant and also intercept, coefficient of style length and it’s square values were found to be significant in the “t” table. The regression equation was
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.
The regression equation was universally acceptable as this was found significant in its natural habitat and also its introduced region. The prediction of seed set could be done adopting the regression model.
3.7.4. Breadth of Petal
Breadth of was found to have influence on the seed wt of the plant and in this case regression equation was found to be
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where 3rd degree polynomial equation was adopted because regressors were found to be better fitted in the regression line. The co efficient of determination was found in the scatter diagram (Figure 3(d)) 0.716 where it was found quite strong and more than 70% regressors or independent variable could explain the regression line. The prediction of seed wt per plant could be done after adopting the regression model.
3.7.5. Length of Style
Length of style was found to have effect in seed setting in a plant and its length facilitates the process of pollination by pollinators. The trifid stigma was found in female plant and chances of pollination would be more in female plant. Polynomial regression equation was found![]()
. The co efficient of determination was found in scatter diagram (Figure 3(e)) which was not so strong although the F-test confirmed significance at 5% level of significance. The prediction of seed set could also be possible from the length of style. Now the other factors were very much important for prediction which should also be carefully considered.
3.8. Genetic Factors Responsible to Gateway of New Flower Morphology
In connection to the genes governing the floral morphology, earlier it was an accepted idea that flowers are relatively constant because of the genetic homogeneity of the genes that regulate the flower morphology [37] - [39] postulated that ‘a genic balance or equilibrium for unknown reason is adaptive and is maintained by natural selection.’ He was close to one of the ideas of Lerner’s seven hypotheses. [40] investigated the constancy of pentamerous corolla in a Linanthus sps generation after generation where he found great degree of variability in floral organs and number of petals when they were exposed to simulation hervivory. [26] found heritability of floral traits in Penstemon centranthifolius in future generations. [41] observed developmental instability and fluctuating asymmetry in floral forms in Brassica campestris family which indicated the changes in floral structures or breakdown of floral homeostasis. [41] reported that it was a case of genetic phenomenon under extreme selection pressure and carried out generation after generation. However detailed study of genetic effect on developmental instability is still not extensively done, only the level of asymmetry was calculated in some cases of quantification of the level of developmental instability in a particular area of research [42] .
4. Conclusions
1) Female and hermaphrodite population of all three morphs was found to have unique morphology of flower having four and five number of corollas in the same plant in this North eastern Himalayan region. The random change in floral morphology was the example of disruptive selection of nature under extreme environmental stress in the month of December in this part of the world. The breakdown of canalisation initiates extreme changes in gene complexes of reproductive organs in this new region (Model 3).
2) Length of petal, breadth of petal, length of style, flower length and number of flowers were found to have contributing effects on seed setting of a plant where dimensions of each one of them was found to have effects on seed setting in a new region. Some of the floral traits were found to have direct significant relation and influence on cumulative seed setting of an individual plant.
3) From the evolution point of view, this plant survives well in this region, but changes in flower morphology in both sexes of the plant indicates breakdown in genetic homeostatsis in certain environmental conditions of the plant in this region. This investigation has further scopes if selection of lines of those plants having both types of flowers will be done and consequently observe the pattern of heredity of those characters in future generations.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to ex-Director, Professor Satyabrata Maiti, present Director Professor Jitendra Kumar, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (DMAPR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Boriavi, Anand, for financial help and moral support to carry on the conservation programme effectively in this region. The technical help of Mrs Geeta Sharma and Mr. Mahesh Gurung of Regional Research Sation kalimpong and Subrata Manna of Darjeeling Krishi Vigyan Kendra are also acknowledged and without their effort in the field and technical work, the investigation could not be completed effectively.
Supplementary Data
ANOVAs of the Regression
Except in case of style length, all the parameters were found to have negative R2 value in linear model of regression and for that reason linear model of regression were discarded. Even in style length also, the value of multiple regression co efficient, adjusted R2 values of linear regression model were found to be less compared to polynomial regression and for that reason independent variable style length was taken for polynomial regression model against seed wt for better suited curvilinear diagram.
Adjusted R2 values and standard error of the parameters were calculated to find out the best fitted regression line in the scatter diagram. The value of intercept in each case was found along with standard error and p value for the regression equation of the overall result.
The equation is![]()
, a 2nd order polynomial regression equation.
Y = dependant variable ![]()
etc. = independent variables of the flower parameters.
The 3rd order polynomial regression was found to be appropriate in breadth of petal where 2nd order polynomial regression was found to have less R2 value (0.415) than 3rd order regression output where R2 value was found in the scatter diagram.
The equation is
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In case of parameters like length of sepal, breadth of sepal, length of stigma, breadth of stigma, length of stamen, length of anther sac, breadth of anther sac, they all found to have negative r2 values in linear quadratic model as we as they were found to have very weak positive R2 values in polynomial regression equation as well as adjusted R2 values, and for that reason they were discarded for regression model analysis due to non significant and invalid prediction.
5 independent variables were taken which were found to be best fitted to the curvilinear equation in regression analysis.
“a” = individual intercept values of the regression variables ![]()
as there were 5 variables taken into consideration found to have best fitted regression relationship which were independent variables of the regression equation.
From the overall model, the following inferences can be gleaned out for evolutionary significances:
1) The scatter diagram and closeness or fitting of data in the regression line.
2) The overall model is significant or not (calculated F value against tabulated F value).
3) The values of R2 and adjusted R2.
Number of Flowers per Plant
1) The overall model is significant at 5% level (significance F value 0.274 > 0.05) Table A1(a) (Supplementary data). The fitted regression line (Figure 3(a)) was found significant and seed wt per plant can be predictable by regression equation.
2) R2 was 0.578 and adjusted R2 0.297 which was found fairly positive.
Regression equation would be
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the prediction of seed wt would be 28 mg if X variable is 40, that is number of flowers per plant.
3) The value R2 was 0.758 and adjusted R2 was 0.597 both of which were strongly positive.
Flower Length
In case of flower length, from the ANOVA Table A1(b) it was found highly significant where F value was found higher than tabulated value (Significance F 0.119 > 0.05) (Table A1(b)).
From the scatter diagram the results were found to be finely fitted in the parabolic line of polynomial regression (Figure 3(b)).
From Table A1(b), the regression equation would be ![]()
Putting the value flower length in the equation, we found
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.
Length of Style
In case length of style, from the Figure 3(c), the regression statistical model for polynomial regression was found to be significant from the F table (Significance F 0.38 > 0.05) (Table A1(c)).
Here intercept, length of style, length of style2 were all also found to be significant in “t” table at 95% level of significance.
From Table A1(c), the regression equation would be ![]()
Putting the value of length of style we get
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It is close to the mean value of seed wt 24.3 and within the range of standard deviation value (±3.1) of hermaphrodite plants having entire leaf margin.
Regression statistics was found to be significant after observing significance F value (0.086 > 0.05) (Table A1(d)). All the values of intercept, length of petal and length of petal2 were all significant in “t” table at 95% level of significance.
Regression equation would be![]()
;
Putting the values of length of corolla of hermaphrodite plant having entire leaf margin,![]()
.
Breadth of the Petal
In this parameters also breadth of petal was found significant (Significance F 0.269 > 0.05) (Table A1(e)) (Supplementary data). Here intercept, breath of petal, breadth of petal2 and breadth of petal3 were all significant in “t” table at 95% level of significance.
![]()
.
Regression equation would be![]()
.
Putting the value of breadth of petal of hermaphrodite plant having entire leaf margin, we found
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this value is also found to be close the mean value of seed wt within the range of standard deviation value (±3.1) of hermaphrodite plant having entire leaf margin.
NOTES
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*Corresponding author.