Chamber Size Effects on Methane Emissions from Rice Production

Alden D. Smartt; Kristofor R. Brye; Christopher W. Rogers; Richard J. Norman; Edward E. Gbur; Jarrod T. Hardke; Trent L. Roberts

doi:10.4236/ojss.2015.510022

Home > Journals > Earth & Environmental Sciences > OJSS

Open Journal of Soil Science > Vol.5 No.10, October 2015

Chamber Size Effects on Methane Emissions from Rice Production ()

Alden D. Smartt¹, Kristofor R. Brye^1*, Christopher W. Rogers², Richard J. Norman¹, Edward E. Gbur³, Jarrod T. Hardke⁴, Trent L. Roberts¹

¹Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
²Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, USA.
³Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
⁴Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2015.510022 PDF HTML XML 4,226 Downloads 4,694 Views Citations

Abstract

Quantifying methane (CH₄) emissions from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the field has received increased attention recently due to methane’s importance as a greenhouse gas. The enclosed-headspace chamber technique is the standard methodology for field assessments of trace gas emissions. However, to our knowledge, no direct comparisons of measured CH₄ fluxes and emissions from field-grown rice among differing chamber sizes have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chamber size [15.2- and 30.4-cm inside diameter (id)] on CH₄ fluxes and season-long emissions from rice grown on a clay soil in Arkansas. Chamber size did not affect (P > 0.05) CH₄ fluxes on 10 sampling dates during the flooded portion of the rice growing season and only affected fluxes on one of four sampling dates after flood release. Total season-long CH₄ emissions from optimally N-fertilized rice were 32.6 and 35.6 kg CH₄-C ha^-1·season^-1, which did not differ, and from bare clay soil were 0.74 and 1.75 kg CH₄-C ha^-1·season^-1, which also did not differ, from the 15.2- and 30.4-cm chambers, respectively. Chamber size (i.e., 15.2- or 30.4-cm id) did not result in differences in cumulative CH₄ emissions from this flooded-rice study that was conducted on a Sharkey clay soil in northeast Arkansas. Results indicate that both 15.2- and 30.4-cm diameter chambers were similarly adequate for measuring CH₄ fluxes and emissions from the clay soil investigated. The similarity in emissions results between chamber sizes also indicates that the 15.2-cm diameter chambers adequately facilitated the quantification of CH₄ emissions in this study.

Keywords

Methane Emissions, Rice Production, Clay Soil, Arkansas

Share and Cite:

Smartt, A. , Brye, K. , Rogers, C. , Norman, R. , Gbur, E. , Hardke, J. and Roberts, T. (2015) Chamber Size Effects on Methane Emissions from Rice Production. Open Journal of Soil Science, 5, 227-235. doi: 10.4236/ojss.2015.510022.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Maclean, J.L., Dawe, D.C., Hardy, B. and Hettel, G.P., Eds. (2002) Rice Almanac: Source Book for the Most Important Economic Activity on Earth. 3rd Edition, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
[2]	Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O’Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B. and Sirotenko, O. (2007) Agriculture. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L., Eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.
[3]	United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2012) Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990-2030. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/EPA_Global_NonCO2_ Projections_Dec2012.pdf
[4]	United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2014) Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory- 2014-Main-Text.pdf
[5]	Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M. and Van Dorland, R. (2007) Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L., Eds, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.
[6]	Livingston, G. and Hutchinson, G. (1995) Enclosure-Based Measurement of Trace Gas Exchange: Applications and Sources of Error. In: Matson, P.A. and Harris, R.C., Eds., Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water, Blackwell Sciences Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford, 14-51.
[7]	Parkin, T. and Venterea, R. (2010) Chamber-based Trace Gas Flux Measurements. In: Follett, R., Ed., Sampling Protocols, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Program/212/Chapter%203.%20GRACEnet% 20Trace%20Gas%20Sampling%20Protocols.pdf
[8]	Denier van der Gon, H.A.C., Kropff, M.J., van Breemen, N., Wassmann, R., Lantin, R.S., Aduna, E., Corton, T.M. and van Laar, H.H. (2002) Optimizing Grain Yields Reduces CH4 Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 12021-12024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.192276599
[9]	Rogers, C.W., Brye, K.R., Norman, R.J., Gbur, E.E., Mattice, J.D., Parkin, T.B. and Roberts, T.L. (2013) Methane Emissions from Drill-Seeded, Delayed-Flood Rice Production on a Silt-Loam Soil in Arkansas. Journal of Environmental Quality, 42, 1059-1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0502
[10]	Rogers, C.W., Brye, K.R., Smartt, A.D., Norman, R.J., Gbur, E.E. and Evans-White, M.A. (2014) Cultivar and Previous Crop Effects on Methane Emissions from Drill-Seeded, Delayed-Flood Rice Production on a Silt-Loam Soil. Soil Science, 179, 28-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0000000000000039
[11]	Simmonds, M.B., Anders, M., Adviento-Borbe, M.A, van Kessel, C., McClung, A. and Linquist, B.A. (2015) Seasonal Methane and Nitrous Exide Emissions of Several Rice Cultivars in Direct-Seeded Systems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 103-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.07.0286
[12]	Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture (2015) Web Soil Survey. http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx
[13]	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2002) Climatography of the United States No. 81: Monthly Station Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1971-2000. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim81/ARnorm.pdf
[14]	Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Gibbons, J.W., Lee, F.N., Bernhardt, J.L., Wilson Jr., C.E., Cartwright, R.D., Norman, R.J., Blocker, M.M., Ahrent, D.K., Boyett, V.A., Bullock, J.M. and Castaneda, E. (2008) Taggart, High Yielding Large Kernel Long-grain Rice Variety. In: Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Eds., B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies, 2008, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series, 571, Division of Agriculture, The University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, 68-73.
[15]	Hardke, J.T., Ed. (2013) Arkansas Rice Production Handbook. Misc. Publ. 192. University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, Little Rock.
[16]	Rogers, C.W., Brye, K.R., Norman, R.J., Gasnier, T., Frizzell, D. and Branson, J. (2012) Methane Emissions from a Silt-Loam Soil Under Direct-Seeded, Delayed-Flood Rice Management. In: Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Eds., B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies, 2011, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series, 600, Division of Agriculture, The University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, 240-247.