Multivariate Analysis of Extreme Physical, Biological and Chemical Patterns in the Dynamics of Aquatic Ecosystem

Abstract

This study is a part of the research in monitoring systems of environmental impacts in coastal re-gions in order to develop trophic dynamic models to be used in the aquatic systems management. Meteorological influences in the variability of the nutrients, larvae concentration, dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll a were investigated in a region where upwelling occurs. Extreme seasonal variations of reanalysis, QuikSCAT, and surface stations from the southeast coast of Brazil, as well as, surface seawater data collected in Anjos Bay, Arraial do Cabo city northeast of Rio de Janeiro state, are analyzed. Seasonality and correlations are applied to verify the relationship between them, considering minimum values of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level variation and maximum values of the other variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarquical Cluster Analysis (HCA) are applied to verify spatial and temporal variances and to describe more clearly the structure of the local ecosystem. The seasonality of northeasterly extreme wind stress follows the seasonal pattern expected for the study area with peaks during spring. The SST has a well-defined seasonal pattern with maximum peaks from February to July and minimum peaks from September to January. Chlorophyll a presents higher seasonal peak in February, being in accordance with DO; both are related to the maximum primary productivity. Correlations of the physical variables (local and remote) with nutrients and larvae present a relatively similar pattern around 0.5, showing these variables have a reasonable interaction with the meteorological forcing. PCA shows a strong variability in pressure data around 0.9, which may be related to the seasonal variations in South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone (SASA) and consequently to the occurrence of upwelling in the region. HCA shows the twenty-five parameters into two big clusters with predominance of biotic variables in one side and abiotic ones at the other. The degree of refinement of similarities allowed a division into six clusters of samples, giving the most satisfactory results at forming distinct clusters with more accurate regarding physical and biological elements.

Share and Cite:

de Oliveira, M. , Pereira, G. , Ebecken, N. and de Oliveira, J. (2015) Multivariate Analysis of Extreme Physical, Biological and Chemical Patterns in the Dynamics of Aquatic Ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 885-901. doi: 10.4236/jep.2015.68080.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Moore, T., Morris, K., Blackwell, G. and Gibson, S. (1997) Extraction of Beach Landforms from Dems Using a Coastal Management Expert System. Proceedings of Annual Conference of GeoComputation, Otago, 26-29 August 1997, 15-24.
[2] Zalmon, I.R., Macedo, L.M., Rezende, C.E., Falcão, A.P.C. and Almeida, T.C. (2013) The Distribution of Macrofauna on the Inner Continental Shelf of Southeastern Brazil: The Major Influence of an Estuarine System. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 130, 169-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.001
[3] Santos, I.R., Friedrich, A.C. and Ivar do Sul, J.A. (2009) Marine Debris Contamination along Undeveloped Tropical Beaches from Northeast Brazil. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 148, 455-462.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0175-z
[4] Salomon, A.K., Gaichas, S.K., Jensen, O.P., Agostini, V.N., Sloan, N.A., Rice, J., McClanahan, T.R., Ruckelshaus, M.H., Levin, P.S., Dulvy, N.K. and Babcock, E.A. (2011) Bridging the Divide between Fisheries and Marine Conservation Science. Bulletin of Marine Science, 87, 251-274.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2010.1089
[5] Griffa, A., Lumpkin, R. and Veneziani, M. (2008) Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Motion in the Upper Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, Article ID: L01608, 1-5.
[6] Myrberg, K., Andrejev, O. and Lehmann, A. (2010) Dynamic Features of Successive Upwelling Events in the Baltic Sea—A Numerical Case Study. Oceanologia, 52, 77-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-3.687
[7] Lorenzzetti, J.A., Wang, J.D. and Lee, T.N. (1987) Summer Upwelling on the Southeastern Continental Shelf of the USA during 1981. Progress in Oceanography, 19, 313-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(87)90010-3
[8] Richter, I., Mechoso, C.R. and Robertson, W.A. (2008) What Determines the Position and Intensity of the South Atlantic Anticyclone in Austral Winter?—An AGCM Study. Journal of Climate, 21, 214-229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1802.1
[9] Piontkovski, S.A., Landry, M.R., Finenko, Z.Z., Kovalev, A.V., Williams, R., Gallienne, C.P., Mishonov, A.V., Skryabin, V.A., Tokarev, Y.N. and Nikolsky, V.N. (2003) Plankton Communities of the South Atlantic Anticyclonic gyre: Communautés Planctoniques du Tourbillon Anticyclonique de l’Atlantique Sud. Oceanologica Acta, 26, 255-268.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(03)00014-8
[10] Guenther, M., Gonzalez-Rodrigues, E., Carvalho, W.F., Rezende, C.E., Mugrabe, G. and Valentin, J.L. (2008) Plankton Trophic Structure and Particulate Organic Carbon Production during a Coastal Downwelling-Upwelling Cycle. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 363, 109-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07458
[11] Pezzi, L.P. (2006) Variabilidade do Sistema Oceano-Atmosfera no Oceano Atlantico Sudoeste. I Seminário sobre sensoriamento remoto aplicado à pesca. INPE, São José dos Campos.
[12] Castelao, R.M. and Barth, J.A. (2006) Upwelling around Cabo Frio, Brazil: The Importance of Wind Stress Curl. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, 1-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025182
[13] Calado, L., Gangopadhyay, A. and Da Silveira, I.C.A. (2008) Feature-Oriented Regional Modeling and Simulations (FORMS) for the Western South Atlantic: Southeastern Brazil Region. Ocean Modelling, 25, 48-64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.06.007
[14] Coelho-Souza, S.A., López, H.S., Guimarães, J.R.D., Coutinho, R. and Candella, N. (2012) Biophysical Interactions in the Cabo Frio Upwelling System, Southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60, 353-365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592012000300008
[15] Valentin, J.L. and Coutinho, R. (1990) Modelling Maximum Chlorophyll in the Cabo Frio (Brazil) Upwelling: A Preliminary Approach. Ecological Modelling, 52, 103-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90011-5
[16] Topcu, D., Behrendt, H., Brockmann, U. and Claussen, U. (2010) Natural Background Concentrations of Nutrients in the German Bight Area (North Sea). Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 174, 361-388.
[17] Morgan, R.P. and Kline, K.M. (2010) Nutrient Concentrations in Maryland Non-Tidal Streams. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 178, 221-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1684-0
[18] Pereira, G.C., Figueredo, A.R., Jabor, P.M. and Ebecken, N.F.F. (2010) Assessing the Ecological Status of Plankton in Anjos Bay: A Flowcitometry Approach. Biogeoscience Discuss, 7, 6243-6264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-6243-2010
[19] Guimaraens, M.A. and Coutinho, R. (1996) Spatial and Temporal Variation of Benthic Marine Algae at the Cabo Frio Upwelling Region. Aquatic Botany, 52, 283-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)00511-0
[20] Bakun, A. (1990) Global Climate Change and Intensification of Coastal Ocean Upwelling. Science, 247, 198-201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4939.198
[21] Oliveira, M.M.F., de Pereira, G.C., Oliveira, J.L.F. and de Ebecken, N.F.F. (2012) Large and Mesoscale Meteo-Oceanographic Patterns in Local Responses of Biogeochemical Concentrations. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184, 6935-6953.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2470-3
[22] Oliveira, M.M.F., de Ebecken, N.F.F., Oliveira, J.L.F. and de Gilleland, E. (2011) Generalized Extreme Wind Speed Distributions in South America over the Atlantic Ocean Region. Theoretical Applied Climatology, 104, 377-385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0350-3
[23] Kalnay, E. and Coauthors. (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40 Year Reanalysis Project. American Meteorological Society, 177, 437-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
[24] Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. and Deban, L. (1998) Assessement of Seasonal and Polluting Effects on the Quality of River Water by Exploratory Data Analysis. Water Research, 32, 3581-3592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
[25] McArdle, B.H. and Anderson, M.J. (2001) Fitting Multivariate Models to Community Data: A Comment on Distance-Based Redundancy Analysis. Ecology, 82, 290-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0290:FMMTCD]2.0.CO;2
[26] Reusch, T.B.H., Ehlers, A., Hämmerli, A. and Worm, B. (2005) Ecosystem Recovery after Climatic Extremes Enhanced by Genotypic Diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 2826-2831.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500008102
[27] Silveira, I.C.A., Schimidt, A.C.K., Campos, E.J.D., Godoi, S.S. and Ikeda, Y. (2000) The Brazil Current off the Eastern Brazilian Coast. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 48, 171-183.
[28] Soares, I. and Möller Jr., O. (2001) Low-Frequency Currents and Water Mass Spatial Distribution on the Southern Brazilian Shelf. Continental Shelf Research, 21, 1785-1814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00024-3
[29] Andrade, L., Gonzalez, A.M., Valentin, J.L. and Paranhos, R. (2004) Bacterial Abundance and Production in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Hydrobiology, 511, 103-111.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000014033.81848.48
[30] Campos, E.D., Miller, J.L., Muller, T.J. and Peterson, R.G. (1995) Physical Oceanography of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Oceanography, 8, 87-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1995.03
[31] Pereira, G.C., Coutinho, R. and Ebecken, N.F.F. (2008) Data Mining for Environmental Analysis and Diagnostic: A Case Study of Upwelling Ecosystem of Arraial do Cabo. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 56, 1-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592008000100001
[32] Valentin, J.L., Dalmo, A.L. and Salvador, J.A. (1987) Hydrobiology in the Cabo Frio (Brazil) Upwelling: Two-Dimensional Structure and Variability during Wind Cycle. Continental Shelf Research, 7, 77-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(87)90065-3
[33] Valentin, J.L. (1984) Analyse des paramètres hydrobiologiques dans la remontée de Cabo Frio (Brésil). Marine Biology, 82, 259-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392407
[34] Franchito, S.H., Rao, V.B., Stech, J.L. and Lorenzzetti, J.A. (1998) The Effect of Coastal Upwelling on the Sea-Breeze Circulation at Cabo Frio, Brazil: A Numerical Experiment. Annales Geophysicae, 16, 866-881.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0866-3
[35] Franchito, S.H., Rao, V.B., Oda, T.O. and Conforte, J. (2007) An Observational Study of the Evolution of the Atmospheric Boundary-Layer over Cabo Frio, Brazil. Annales Geophysicae, 25, 1735-1744.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1735-2007
[36] Ribeiro, F.N.D., Soares, J. and de Oliveira, A.P. (2011) The Co-Influence of the Sea-Breeze and the Coastal Upwelling at Cabo Frio: A Numerical Investigation Using Coupled Models. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 59, 131-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592011000200002
[37] SCOR (1996) Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements. Scientific Committee on Ocean Research, International Council of Scientific Unions, Bergen, 170 p.
[38] Richard, T.A. and Thompson, T.G. (1952) The Estimation and Characterization of Plankton Population by Pigment Analyses. A Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Plankton Pigments. Journal of Marine Research, 11, 156-172.
[39] Chao, Y., Li, Z., Kindle, J.C., Paduan, J.D. and Chavez, F.P. (2003) A High-Resolution Surface Vector Wind Product for Coastal Oceans: Blending Satellite Scatterometer Measurements with Regional Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 13.1-13.4.
[40] Tang, W., Liu, W.T. and Stiles, B.W. (2004) Evaluation of High-Resolution Ocean Surface Vector Winds Measured by QuikSCAT Scatterometer in Coastal Regions. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Remote Sensing, 42, 1762-1769.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.831685
[41] Atlas, R., Busalacchi, A.J., Ghil, M., Bloom, S. and Kalnay, E. (1987) Global Surface Wind and Flux Fields from Model Assimilation of Seasat Data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 6477-6487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC06p06477
[42] Stech, J.L. and Lorenzzetti, J.A. (1992) The Response of the South Brazil Bight to the Passage of Wintertime Cold Fronts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 9507-9520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JC00486
[43] Anneville, O., Souissi, S., Gammeter, S. and Straile, D. (2004) Seasonal and Inter-Annual Scales of Variability in Phytoplankton Assemblages: Comparison of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Three Peri-Alpine Lakes over a Period of 28 Years. Freshwater Biology, 49, 98-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2426.2003.01167.x
[44] Sharma, S. (1996) Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 512 p.
[45] Abdi, H. and Williams, L.J. (2010) Principal Component Analysis, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computation Statistics, 2, 387-515.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wics.101
[46] Bernardi, J.V.E., Lacerda, L.D., Dórea, J.G., Landim, P.M.B., Gomes, J.P.O., Almeida, R., Manzatto, A.G. and Bastos, W.R. (2009) Aplicação da Análise das Componentes Principais na ordenação dos parametros Físico-Quimicos no Alto Rio Madeira e Afluentes, Amazçãnia Ocidenta. Geochemical Brasilien, 23, 79-90.
http://www.geobrasiliensis.org.br/ojs/index.php/geobrasiliensis/article/viewFile/296/pdf
[47] Stewart, R.H. (2007) Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Texas A & M University, College Station, 353 pp.
[48] Matano, R.P., Schlax, M. and Chelton, D.B. (2001) Seasonal Variability in the Southwestern Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 18027-18035.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JC01602
[49] Ahrens, C.D. (2000) Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather Climate and the Environment. 6th Edition, Brooks/ Cole, London.
[50] De Mesquita, A.R. (1997) Marés, Circulação e Nível do mar na Costa Sudeste do Brasil.
http://www.mares.io.usp.br/sudeste/sudeste.html
[51] Stigebrandt, A. (1999) Resistance to Barotropic Tidal Flow in Straits by Baroclinic Wave Drag. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29, 191-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0191:RTBTFI>2.0.CO;2
[52] Franchito, S.H., Oda, T.O., Rao, V.B. and Kayano, M.T. (2008) Interaction between Coastal Upwelling and Local Winds at Cabo Frio, Brazil: An Observational Study. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 1590-1598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1660.1
[53] Newell, R.I.E., Fisher, T.R., Holyoke, R.R. and Comwell, J.C. (2005) Influence of Eastern Oysters on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Regeneration in Chesapeake Bay, USA. NATO Science Series IV: Earth Environmental Science, 47, 93-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3030-4_6
[54] Neves, D.R.C.B., Pinho, J.L.S. and Vieira, J.M.P. (2008) Análise de Dados de Satélite Adequados à Caracterização da Produção Primária na Superfície Oceanica da Zee Portuguesa. Engenharia Civil-UM, 33, 125-138.
[55] Jones, N.L. and Monismith, S.G. (2008) The Influence of Whitecapping Waves on the Vertical Structure of Turbulence in a Shallow Estuarine Embayment. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38, 1563-1580.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3766.1
[56] Oliveira, M.M.F., de Pereira, G.C., Oliveira, J.L.F. and de Ebecken, N.F.F. (2013) Effects of Sea Level Variation on Biological and Chemical Concentrations in a Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 61-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.411A008
[57] Apolinário, M. (2001) Variation of Populations Densities between Two Species of Barnacles (Cirripedia: Megabalaninae) at Guanabara Bay and Nearly Islands in Rio de Janeiro/RJ. Nauplius, 9, 21-30.
[58] Champ, M.A. and Lowenstein, F.L. (1987) TBT—The Dilemma of High-Technology Antifouling Paints. Oceanus, 35, 69-77.
[59] Rocha, M.B., Radashevsky, V. and Paiva, P.C. (2009) Espécies de Scolelepis (Polychaeta, Spionidae) de praias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Biota Neotrópica, 9, 101-108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000400012
[60] Cloutier, V., Lefebvre, R., Terrien, R. and Savard, M.M. (2008) Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Geochemical Data as Indicative of the Hydrogeochemical Evolution of Groundwater in a Sedimentary Rock Aquifer System. Journal of Hydrology, 353, 294-313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.02.015
[61] Narandio, S.A., Carvalho, J.L. and García-Gomes, J.C. (1996) Effects of Environmental Stress on Ascidians Populations in Algeciras Bay (Southerm Spain). Marine Ecology, 144, 119-131.
www.int-res.com/articles/meps/144/m144p119.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps144119
[62] Lambert, T.C.C. and Lambert, G. (1998) Non-Indigenous Ascidians in Southerm California Harbors and Marinas. Marine Biology, 130, 675-688.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050289
[63] Bak, R.P.M., Joenje, M., De Jong, I., Lambrechts, D.Y.M. and Van Veghel, M.L.J. (1996) Long-Term Changes on Coral Reef in Booming Populations of a Competitive Colonial Ascidian. Marine Ecology, 133, 303-306.
www.int-res.com/articles/meps/133/m133p303.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps133303
[64] StatSoft Inc. (2004) STATISTICA (Data Analysis Software System), Version 7.

Journals Menu
Follow SCIRP
Contact us
customer@scirp.org
WhatsApp +86 18163351462(WhatsApp)
Click here to send a message to me 1655362766
Paper Publishing WeChat

Copyright © 2022 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.