Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy among HIV Patients in Libreville in Gabon ()
1. Introduction
In Gabon, the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in adults between 15 and 49 years was 4.0% in 2012 and the part of mortality due to AIDS (Acute Immunodeficiency Syndrome) was 2300 deaths [1] . The peripheral nervous system infection by HIV is very common and can affect all stages of infection [2] . All forms of neuropathy can meet and at all stages [3] . Many pathophysiological mechanisms can affect the peripheral nervous system. The HIV can affect directly the dorsa root ganglions neurons, the infiltration of activated macrophage which secrets the neurotoxins cytokines and other toxic metabolites. The neurotoxic action of the antiretroviral drugs can explain some parts of the distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP). The distal sensory polyneuropathy is the most frequent forms [4] . Factors associated with them are the virus itself, opportunistic infections (cytomegalovirus, which rather gives multiple mononeuropathies) and antiretroviral therapy [3] [5] -[7] . The prevalence of sensory polyneuropathy varies greatly according to the criteria used, and may reach 50% [8] -[11] . In Africa the unavailability of electromyography makes diagnosis more difficult, often based on clinical criteria. But in recent years an American team has developed a purely clinical diagnostic tool to diagnose the polyneuropathy [12] . This is the Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS) with good diagnostic validity [13] -[15] . In Africa a few studies have used this tool [8] -[10] . In Gabon there are not to our knowledge the reliable data on the distal sensory polyneuropathy.
The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of distal sensory polyneuropathy in people living with HIV.
2. Methods
2.1. Setting
The study took place at the University Teaching Hospital of Libreville in its HIV patients Clinic. It is the most important clinic of the HIV patients in the country and about 700 patients were followed. Four physicians (specialists in HIV management) and 11 nurses worked in the clinic. All the patients were followed ambulatory and those who needed hospitalization were managed at the Infectious diseases clinic or Internal Medicine Department.
2.2. Type
It was a cross-sectional study carried out from 1 May to 31 July 2014.
2.3. Patients
All consecutives patients admitted to the clinic during the study period and giving their consent were included. We also excluded all pregnant patients. All patients were undergone the full neurological examination doing by two neurologists (Kouna Philomène and Oura Landry)
2.4. Variables
The main variable was the distal sensory polyneuropathy with two modalities. The DSP was defined according to BPNS criteria [13] .
Previously the initial version of BPNS was translated in French and back translated in order to ensure a good accuracy.
A neurological examination was performed in all patients and included seeking sensory symptoms, the study of superficial and vibration sensitivities (review in tune to 128 Hz), the study of tendon reflexes. The examination is conducted by two neurologists previously trained in the use of BPNS scale.
According to the BPNS, the patient was recognized as having a distal sensory polyneuropathy if he had a sensory symptoms and one of the following two criteria:
- A reduction or abolition of the vibratory sensation in one or two big toes;
- A reduction or abolition of one or both ankle reflexes.
Is considered with symptomatic polyneuropathy any patient meeting the criteria changed BPNS and having at least a score of 1 at the sensory symptoms.
The exposure variables recorded were the:
- Socio-demographics data (age, sex, matrimonial status, profession…);
- Alcohol consumption and tobacco use;
- Clinical features (height, weight, body mass index, stage of the disease);
- Other opportunistic disease;
- The past medical history (diabetes mellitus, renal failure, viral hepatitis B and C);
- Exposure to drugs (metronidazole, isoniazid, hydroxyurea…);
- Therapeutic data : high active antiretroviral therapy (drugs and duration);
- Disease data: duration, CD4 rate, viral load…
2.5. Statistical Methods
The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0 software was used to perform statistical analysis. Usual descriptive analysis was used: means and standard deviations and frequencies. Chi-2 test (or exact test of Fisher) was used to test association between DSP and exposure variables. To study the variables strongly associated to the DSP the multivariable analysis were performed by using logistic regression model. Descending step by step procedure has been established and the odds ratio (OR) and its confidence interval (CI) at 95% were estimated. For all analysis the level of significance was fixed at p < 0.05.
2.6. Ethical Issues
The study was approved by the local health authority and anonymity and confidentiality were observed. All patients had given their verbal consent before inclusion.
3. Results
During the study period 683 patients were seen and 620 were included. The participation rate was 90.8%. They aged form 17 to 74 years with the mean age of 42.1 years ± 11.0 years. They were 144 males (23.2%) with sex-ratio of 0.3. The Christians represented 88.1% of the sample and 208 (33.5%) were unemployed. About 65.8% of the patients had a level of instruction more than the secondary school and according to marital status 51.9% were alone (widowed, divorced or single).
The disease duration was 0 to 234 months with the mean of 57.6 ± 42.5 months.
Among the 620 patients 462 (74.5%) had a least one opportunistic disease and 570 (91.9%) were on HAART. The main combination used contained 3TC and Efavirenz and the association 3TC+ Efavrirenz were used in 424 patients (68.4%).
Among the 620 patients 170 had fulfilled criteria for DSP; the overall prevalence of DSP was 27.4%.
The sex (p = 0.3), the marital status (p = 0.6) the level of instruction (0.09), the religion (p = 0.55), the body mass index (p = 0.7), the use of metronida zole (p = 0.06), the use of tobacco (p = 0.2) and the past medical history of zona (p = 0.6) were not statistically associated to DSP in univariate analysis.
The main factors associated to DSP in univariate analysis were summarized in Table 1.
In multivariate analysis the associated factors were diabetes mellitus, the stage of disease and the type of HAART (Table 2).
The main reported symptoms among patients with DSP were the pain (all) and paresthesia such as burning, tingling, numbness. Some of them had had a hypoesthesia and diminution of ankle reflex. Only 2 patients had motor weakness. The clinical data are summarized in Table 3.
4. Discussion
We’ve conducted a cross-sectional study and aimed to estimate the frequency of distal sensory polyneuropathy among HIV patients in Libreville. The design of study was appropriate and the sample size could be considered
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Table 1. Factors associated to Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy among HIV patients in Libreville in Gabon, 2014.
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Table 2. Factors associated to DSP in multivariate analysis using logistic regression, Libreville 2014.
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Table 3. Clinical features of the 170 HIV patients with distal sensory polyneuropathy, Libreville 2014.
*Some patients had more than one sensory symptom.
*Corresponding author.
The frequency of DSP in our study was 27.4%. It was less than other reported in various countries in Africa [8] -[11] [16] . The difference could be explained by the sample size, the mean age of the populations, the proportion of population on HAART and the diagnosis tool used by authors. Compared to the other studies the patients who undertook HAART had less risk for DSP. The high rate of the patients on HAART and the difference between the drugs used in those countries can explain this difference. In this study patients were older than the patients in Parakou [16] (42.1 years versus 36.8 years). We found a relation between age and DSP. The advanced age exposes peripheral nervous system to many factors such as metabolic disease, microvascular disease. In this hypothesis the diabetes mellitus was associated to the DSP in our study. We had showed that the duration of disease and the opportunistic disease increased the risk of DSP. Those factors might be the confounding factors as far as they were associated to the age. Despite that the use of HAART had a protect effect against DSP. Nevertheless the HAART containing D4T was associated to DSP. It is well known that the stavudine can increase a risk for polyneuropathy [2] [5] . But only 60 patients had used D4T for many reasons. The low use of D4T in the HAART drugs can also explain the low frequency of DSP among HIV infected patients in Libreville. The association between D4T and DSP was not seen in the Parakou study. In this study about 35.5% of the patients on HAART were used stavudine. Nevertheless no association was found between the use of this drug and the presence of DSP. Despite that they found high frequency of DSP. We can make a hypothesis that other factors can explain the occurrence of DSP among HIV infected patients such as the duration of disease due to the vulnerability of the nervous system, the association with the metabolic disease. What concerning the duration of the disease it is well known that at the end stage of the disease all patients had peripheral nervous disorder. The other factors associated in univariate analysis were probably the confounding factors. More data are available on the association between alcohol, use of neurotoxic drug such as isoniazid and metronidazole and neuropathy. But in our study those factors were not seen associated to DSP. The use of the logistic regression model helps us to eliminate the confounding factors. Then the specifically factors which can explain the DSP were only seen. In summary distal sensory polyneuropathy was frequent and can be explained by the high proportion of diabetics, the use of D4T and the stage of disease. It will be very important to take part of those factors in order to reduce the burden of distal sensory polyneuropathy and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients. It is very important for the prevention of the DSP to screen diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected patients and to limit the use of D4T in the antiretroviral therapy.
5. Conclusion
The distal sensory polyneuropathy is more frequent among HIV-infected patients in Libreville. It could be explained by the stage of the disease, the use of D4T in the antiretroviral therapy and the association with diabetes mellitus.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.