Polyphyletic Origin of Ornamental Goldfish

Aleksandr V. Podlesnykh¹, Vladimir A. Brykov^1,2, Lubov A. Skurikhina¹

¹Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia.
²School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.611104                

Abstract

Mitochondrial DNA fragment of cytb was compared in all species Carassius auratus complex and three forms of ornamental goldfish. It is shown that the phylogenetic relationships between complex species correspond to the existing views, based on mtDNA data and geographical distribution. All forms of ornamental goldfish have a monophyletic origin from Chinese goldfish C. auratus auratus. The analysis showed that three nuclear genes (rps7, GH1 and Rh) in the two forms of ornamental goldfish (Oriental twintail goldfish and Chinese Ranchu) were almost identical C. auratus auratus genes, while all three gene in another more simple form of goldfish (common goldfish) were highly homologous to carp Cyprinus carpio nuclear genes. The obtained data suggested that in the history of aquarium goldfish breeding occurred the stage of distant hybridization between goldfish and common carp. Subsequently, the nuclear genomes of some ornamental forms could be enriched by goldfish genes (a relatively recent form as Oriental twintail goldfish and Chinese Ranchu) or common carp genes (the simplest and most ancient forms like common goldfish) as a result of multidirectional breeding and selection of aquarium goldfish various forms.

Keywords

Goldfish, Common Carp, Distant Hybridization, mtDNA and Nuclear Genes

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Balon, E.K. (2004) About the Oldest Domesticates among Fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 65, 1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00563.x
[2]	Rylkova, K., Kalous, L., Slechtova, S. and Bohlen, J. (2010) Many Branches, One Root: First Evidence for a Monophyly of the Morphologically Highly Diverse Goldfish. Aquaculture, 302, 36-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.003
[3]	Wang, C.Y. (1985) The Origin of the Goldfish. Bulletin of Biology, 12, 11-12.
[4]	Chen, I.S. and Fang, L.-S. (1999) The Freshwater and Estuarine Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung.
[5]	Gao, Y., Wang, S.Y., Luo, J., Murphy, R.W., Du, R., Wu, S.F., Zhu, C.L., Li, Y., Poyarkov, A.D., Nguyen, S.N., Luan, P.T. and Zhang, Y.P. (2012) Quaternary Palaeo Environmental Oscillations Drove the Evolution of the Eurasian Carassius auratus Complex (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Journal of Biogeography, 39, 2264-2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02755.x
[6]	Chen, S.C. (1956) A History of the Domestication and the Factors of the Varietal Formation of the Common Goldfish, Carassius auratus. Scientia Sinica, 5, 287-321.
[7]	Komiyama, T., Kobayashi, H., Tateno, Y., Inoko, H., Gojobori, T. and Ikeo, K. (2009) An Evolutionary Origin and Selection Process of Goldfish. Gene, 430, 5-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.019
[8]	Wang, S.-Y., Luo, J., Murphy, R.W., Wu, S.-F., Zhu, C.-L., Gao, Y. and Zhang, Y.-P. (2013) Origin of Chinese Goldfish and Sequential Loss of Genetic Diversity Accompanies New Breeds. PLoS ONE, 8, e59571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059571
[9]	Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
[10]	Sevilla, R.G., Diez, A., Noren, M., Mouchel, O., Jerome, M., Verrez-Bagnis, V., Van Pelt, H., Favre-Krey, L. and Bautista, J.M. (2007) Primers and Polymerase Chain Reaction Conditions for DNA Barcoding Teleost Fish Based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and Nuclear Rhodopsin Genes. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 730-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01863.x
[11]	Chow, S. and Hazama, K. (1998) Universal PCR Primers for S7 Ribosomal Protein Gene Introns in Fish. Molecular Ecology, 7, 1255-1256.
[12]	Chen, W.-J., Bonillo, C. and Lecointre, G. (2003) Repeatability of Clades as a Criterion of Reliability: A Case Study for Molecular Phylogeny of Acanthomorpha (Teleostei) with Larger Number of Taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 262-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00371-8
[13]	Okonechnikov, K., Golosova, O., Fursov, M. and the UGENE Team (2012) Unipro UGENE: A Unified Bioinformatics Toolkit. Bioinformatics, 28, 1166-1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts091
[14]	Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731-2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
[15]	Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsinomy (and Other Methods), Beta Version 10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
[16]	Huelsenbeck, J.P. and Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian Inference of Phylogenetic Trees. Bioinformatics, 17, 754-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
[17]	Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic Model Averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1253-1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn083
[18]	Apalikova, O.V., Podlesnykh, A.V., Kukhlevsky, A.D., Guohua, S. and Brykov, V.A. (2011) Phylogenetic Relationships of Silver Crucian Carp Carassius auratus gibelio, C. auratus cuvieri, Crucian Carp Carassius carassius, and Common Carp Cyprinus carpio as Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Variation. Russian Journal of Genetics, 47, 322-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1022795411020025
[19]	Podlesnykh, A.V., Apalikova, O.V. and Brykov, V.A. (2012) Phylogenetic Relationships of Silver Crucian Carp in Carassius auratus Complex Based on mtDNA Analysis. Russian Journal of Genetics, 48, 1207-1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1022795412120113
[20]	Kalous, L., Rylková, K., Bohlen, J., Sanda, R. and Petrtýl, M. (2013) New mtDNA Data Reveal a Wide Distribution of the Japanese Ginbuna Carassius langsdorfi in Europe. Journal of Fish Biology, 82, 703-707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03492.x
[21]	Wang, J., Liu, S., Xiao, J., Tao, M., Zhang, C., Luo, K. and Liu, Y. (2014) Evidence for the Evolutionary Origin of Goldfish Derived from the Distant Crossing of Red Crucian Carp × Common Carp. BMC Genetics, 15, 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-15-33
[22]	Liu, S.J. (2010) Distant Hybridization Leads to Different Ploidy Fishes. Science China Life Sciences, 53, 416-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-0057-9
[23]	Haynes, G.D., Gongora, J., Gilligan, D.M., Grewe, P., Moran, C. and Nicholas, F.W. (2012) Cryptic Hybridization and Introgression between Invasive Cyprinid Species Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus in Australia: Implications for Invasive Species Management. Animal Conservation, 15, 83-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00490.x
[24]	Liu, S.J., Sun, Y.D., Liu, K.K. and Liu, Y. (2006) Evidence of Different Ploidy Eggs Produced by Diploid F2 Hybrids of Carassius auratus (♀) × Cyprinus carpio (♂). Acta Genetica Sinica, 3, 304-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-4172(06)60055-3
[25]	Xiao, J., Zou, T., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Liu, S., Tao, M., Zhang, C., Zhao, R., Zhou, Y., Long, Y., You, C., Yan, J. and Liu, Y. (2011) Coexistence of Diploid, Triploid and Tetraploid Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) in Natural Waters. BMC Genetics, 12, 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-12-20
[26]	Gomelsky, B., Schneider, K.J. and Plouffe, D.A. (2012) Koi × Goldfish Hybrid Females Produce Triploid Progeny When Backcrossed to Koi Males. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 74, 449-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2012.676014