Corrosion effect on the flexural strength & micro-hardness of ips e-max ceramics

Cherif Mohsen

.

DOI: 10.4236/ojst.2011.12006                

Abstract

Objectives: The effect of ceramics construction (press- able, machinable) and corrosion on flexural strength and micro-hardness was studied. Materials & Methods: Two types of ceramics were tested: IPS e-max Press and IPS e-max CAD. Forty samples were constructed and divided into 2 groups according to the type of ceramics. Each group was then subdivided into 2 subgroups. Subgroups 1 were not subjected to corrosion while subgroups 2 were subjected to corro-sion test. Finally each subgroup was divided into 2 classes according to the type of test: biaxial flexural strength, micro-hardness. Results: There was a sig-nificant difference between the two tested ceramics as regard weight loss as IPS e-max CAD recorded less weight loss than IPS e-max Press. As regard the flex-ural strength, IPS e-max CAD recorded significant higher strength than IPS e-max Press. Corroded sam- ples recorded significant lower flexural strength than non-corroded samples for the two tested ceramics. As regard the Vickers micro-hardness test, the results showed significant difference between the two tested ceramics. IPS e-max CAD recorded higher mi-cro-hardness values than IPS e-max Press. The results also showed that the corroded samples recorded no significant micro-hardness values than non- corroded samples for the two tested ceramics. Conclusions: IPS e-max CAD recorded less weight loss weight loss after being subjected to corrosion test than IPS e-max Press. The method of fabrication affected the flexural strength µ-hardness of ceramic as machinable ceramic (e-max CAD) recorded significant higher data than pressable ceramic (e-mas Press). Corrosion decreased the flexural strength of both tested ceramics but had no effect on micro- hardness.

Keywords

IPS E-Max; Corrosion; Flexural Strength;Micro-Hardness

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Cattell, M.J., Knowles, J.C., Clarke, R.L. and Lynch, E. (1999) The biaxial flexural strength of two pressable ceramic systems. Journal of Dentistry, 27, 183-196. doi:10.1016/S0300-5712(98)00047-5
[2]	Lawn, B.R., Deng, Y. and Thompson, V.P. (2001) Use of contact testing in the characterization and desing of all- ceramic crownlike layer structures. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 86, 495-510. doi:10.1067/mpr.2001.119581
[3]	Dickerson, W. and Miyasaki, M. (1999) The esthetic revolution continues-IPS Empress. Journal of Oral Health, 2, 87-90.
[4]	Update technical. (2005) Ivoclar vivadent technical, manufactuer’s production manual. Ivoclar Vivadent.
[5]	IPS e-max CAD, Lab+to+Dentist (2005) www.ivoclarvivadent.com, Ivoclar Vivadent.
[6]	McLaren, E.A. and Terry, D.A. (2002) CAD/CAM sys- tems, materials and clinical guidelines for all-ceramic crowns and fixed partial dentures. Compendium Con- tinuing Education Dentistry, 23, 637-641.
[7]	White, W.B. (1992) Theory of corrosion of glass and ceramics. In: Clarke, D.E. and Zoitos, B.K., Eds. Cor- rosion of Glass, Ceramics and Superconductors. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, 2, 2-28.
[8]	Milleding, P., Wenneberg, A., Alaeddin, S. and Karlesson, S. and Simon, E. (1999) Surface corrosion of dental ceramics in vitro. Biomaterials, 26, 733-746. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00223-3
[9]	Kroeze, H.J., Plasschaert, A.J., Van’t Hof, M.A. and Truin, G.J. (1990) Prevalence and need or replacement of amalgam and composite restoration in Dutch adults. Journal of Dental Research, 69, 1270-1274. doi:10.1177/00220345900690060901
[10]	Anusavice, K.J. (1996) Phillips Science of dental materials.10th Edition, WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
[11]	Marx. R. and Fischer, H. (2001) Interner Bericht an Ivoclar Vivadent AG.
[12]	Albakry, M., Guazzato, M. and Swain, M.V. (2003) Biaxial flexural strength, elastic moduli and x ray diffraction characterization on three pressable all-ceramic materials. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 89, 374-380. doi:10.1067/mpr.2003.42
[13]	Albakry, M., Guazzato, M. and Swain, M.V. (2003) Fracture toughness and hardness evaluation of three pressable all-ceramic dental materials. Journal of Dentistry, 31,181-188. doi:10.1016/S0300-5712(03)00025-3
[14]	Anusavice, K.J. and Zhang, N.-Z. (1997) Chemical durability of Dicor and Lithia-based glass-ceramics. Dental Materials, 13, 13-19 doi:10.1016/S0109-5641(97)80003-6
[15]	Sadighpour, L., Geramipanah, F., Raeesi, B. (2006) In vitro mechanical tests for modern dental ceramics. Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 3, 143-152.
[16]	ISO. (1995) Dental ceramic ISO Standard 6672 - 1995, International organization for Standardization.
[17]	Marshall, D.B. (1980) An improved biaxial flexure test for ceramics. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 59, 551-553.
[18]	Wachtman J.R. Jr, Capps, W. and Mandel, J. (1972) Biaxial flexure tests of ceramic substrates. Journal of Materials, 7, 188-194.
[19]	Kirstein, A.F. and Woolley, R.M. (1967) Symmetrical bending of thin circular elastic plates of equally spaced point supports. Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards, 71(C), 1-10.
[20]	Wassermann, A., Kaiser, M. and Strub, J.R. (2006) Clinical long term results of VITA in-ceram classic crowns and fixed partial dentures: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Prostho- dontics, 19, 355-363.
[21]	Filser, F., Kocher, P. and Weibel, F. (2001) Reliability and strength of all-ceramic dental restorations fabricated by direct ceramic machining (DCM). International Journal of Computerized Dentistry, 4, 89-106.
[22]	Midelling, P., Haraldsson, C. and Karlsson, S. (2002) Ion leaching from dental ceramics during static in vitro corrosion testing. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 61, 541-550. doi:10.1002/jbm.10109
[23]	Jacobson, N.S., Opila, E.J. and Lee, K.N. (2001) Oxidation and corrosion of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Scvience, 5, 301-309. doi:10.1016/S1359-0286(01)00009-2
[24]	Hammad, I.A. and Khalil, A.M. (1994) The effect of fluo-ride treatments on glazed and polished ceramic surfaces. Egyptian Dental Journal, 40, 757.
[25]	Kelly, J.R. (1995) Perspectives on strength. Dental Materials, 11, 103-110. doi:10.1016/0109-5641(95)80043-3
[26]	Thompson, G.A. (2004) Determing the slow crack growth parameter and Weibull two-parameter estimates of bilaminate disks by constant displacement-rate flexural testing. Dental Materials, 20, 51-62. doi:10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00068-X
[27]	Wagner, W.C. and Chu, T.M. (1996) Biaxial flexural strength and indentation fracture toughness of three new dental core ceramics. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 76, 140-144. doi:10.1016/S0022-3913(96)90297-8
[28]	Ban, S. and Anusavice, K.J. (1990) Influence of test method on failure stress of brittle dental materials. Journal of Dental Research, 69, 1791-1799. doi:10.1177/00220345900690120201
[29]	Wagner, W.C., O’Brien, W.J. and Mora, G.P. (1992) Fracturesurface analysis of a glaze strenghtened mag- nesia core material. International Journal of Prostho- dontics, 5, 475-478.
[30]	Craig, R.G. and Powers, J.M. (2002) Restorative dental materials, 11th Edition, Mosby Inc., St Louis.
[31]	Garcia, C., Galliano, P. and Cerè, S. (2003) Electro- chemical evaluation of resistance to localized corrosion of vitreous coatings containing particles app- lied on metallic substrates for biomedical applications. Materials Letters, 57, 1810-1814. doi:10.1016/S0167-577X(02)01073-X
[32]	Grambow, B. (2000) Corrosion of glass. In: Revie, R.W., Ed., Uhlig’s corrosion handbook, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 411-437.
[33]	Mc Laren, E.A. and White, S.N. (2000) Glass-infiltrated zirconia/alumina-based ceramic for crowns and fixed partial dentures: Clinical and laboratory guidelines. Quin- tenssence Dental Technology, 23, 63-76.
[34]	Mohsen, S.A. (2004) Corrosion behavior and hardness of veneering materials. Egyptian Dental Journal, 50, 807.