Breastfeeding Status and Effective Factors in 21 - 27 Months Iranian Infants

Fatemeh Nayeri¹, Mamak Shariat¹, Hosein Dalili^2*, Farima Raji², Akram Karimi²

¹Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²Breast Feeding Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

DOI: 10.4236/ojped.2015.52024                

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the Breastfeeding status among children aged 21 - 27 moths. A cross sectional study was carried out in South Health Center (Tehran-Iran) in 2010. Four hundred 21 - 27 month breastfed infants entered the study. This study compared some variables in 2 groups; weaning before and after 22 months. The level of significance was considered P < 0.05. Mean breastfeeding duration and median (either exclusive or combined) were 19.66 ± 6.40 and 22 months. Among all reasons were cited by mothers, some reasons like insufficient breast milk supply (77.9%), infant restless (77.1%), and Mother’s reluctance (75.6%) were the most common causes of exclusive breastfeeding cessation. A significant relation was seen between breastfeeding duration and gestational age or birth trauma (P Value = 0.031, P Value = 0.04). Breastfeeding training and First mother-infant skin to skin contact had significant roles on breastfeeding duration (P Value < 0.05, P Value = 0.001, respectively). It seems lots of public health efforts and policy are needed to improve breastfeeding rate in our country.

Keywords

Infant, Breastfeeding Rate, Iran

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Sencan, I., Tekin, O. and Mansur, T.M. (2013) Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Duration: A Survey in a Turkish Population. European Journal of Pediatrics, 172, 1459-1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-2066-8
[2]	Assarian, F., Moravveji, A., Ghaffarian, H., Eslamian, R. and Atoof, F. (2014) The Association of Postpartum Maternal Mental Health with Breastfeeding Status of Mothers: A Case-Control Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16, e14839. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14839
[3]	http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/news_events/news/2012/30_07_2012
[4]	Froehlich, J., Boivin, M., Walter, K.C., Bloch, M.K., Rice, D., McGraw, K. and Munson, E. (2013) Influencing University Students’ Knowledge and Attitudes toward Breast Feeding. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 1-3.
[5]	Li, R., Zhao, Z., Mokdad, A., Barker, L. and Grummer-Strawn, L. (2003) Prevalence of Breastfeeding in the United States: The 2001 National Immunization Survey. Pediatrics, 111, 1198-1201.
[6]	Perez-Escarnilla, R., Lutter, C., Segall, A.M., et al. (1995) Exclusive Breast-Feeding Duration Is Associated with Attitudinal, Socioeconomic and Biocultural Determinants in Three Latin American Countries. Nutrition Journal, 12, 2972.
[7]	Rosenberg, K.D., Eastham, C.A. and Kasehagen, L.J. (2008) Marketing Infant Formula through Hospitals: The Impact of Commercial Hospital Discharge Packs on Breast Feeding. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 290-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.103218
[8]	http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home
[9]	Dalili, H., Farsar, A., Barakati, H., Raij, F., Shariat, M., Pourmalek, F., et al. (2014) Frequency of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Its Affecting Factors in Tehran, 2011. Acta Medica Iranica, 52, 552-556.
[10]	The Ministry of Health IR of Iran, Breastfeeding Office. http://www.bfps.ir/(i5emlr45w1kdeg45tov0ysem)/Persian/Home.aspx
[11]	Marandi, A., Afzali, H.M. and Hossaini, A.F. (1993) The Reasons for Early Weaning among Mothers in Teheran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71, 561-569.
[12]	Veghari, G.H., Mansourian, A. and Abdollahi, A. (2011) Breastfeeding Status and Some Related Factors in Northern Iran. Oman Medical Journal, 26, 342-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2011.84
[13]	World Health Organization (1991) Indicators for Assessing Breast-Feeding Practices. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[14]	Wenru, W., Ying, L., Aloysius, C. and Kin, S.C. (2014) Breast-Feeding Intention, Initiation and Duration among Hong Kong Chinese Women: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Midwifery, 30, 678-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.07.015
[15]	Al Juaid, D.A., Binns, C.W. and Giglia, R.C. (2014) Breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia: A Review. International Breast-feeding Journal, 9, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-9-1
[16]	Liu, P., Qiao, L., Xu, F., Zhang, M., Wang, Y. and Binns, C.W. (2013) Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Duration: A 30-Month Cohort Study in Northwest China. Journal of Human Lactation, 29, 253-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334413477240
[17]	Spear, H.J. (2004) Nurses’ Attitudes, Knowledge, and Beliefs Related to the Promotion of Breastfeeding among Women Who Bear Children during Adolescence. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 19, 176-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2004.01.006
[18]	Garbarino, F., Morniroli, D., Ghirardi, B., Garavaglia, E., Bracco, B., Gianní, M.L., Roggero, P. and Mosca, F. (2013) Prevalence and Duration of Breastfeeding during the First Six Months of Life: Factors Affecting an Early Cessation. La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica, 35, 217-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pmc.2013.30
[19]	Tarrant, M., Fong, D.Y., Wu, K.M., Lee, I.L., Wong, M.E., et al. (2010) Breast Feeding & Weaning Practices among Hong Kong Mothers, a Prospective Study. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth, 10, 1-12.
[20]	Li, R., Fein, S.B., Chen, J. and Grummer, S. (2008) Why Mothers Stop Breast Feeding: Self Reported Reason for Stopping during First Year. Pediatrics, 122, S69-S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1315i
[21]	Amir, L.H. and Cwikel, J. (2005) Why Do Women Stop Breastfeeding? A Closer Look at “Not Enough Milk” among Israeli Women in the Negev Region. Breastfeed Re, 13, 7-13.
[22]	Amir, L.H. (2006) Breastfeeding, Managing Supply Difficulties. Australian Family Physicians, 35, 686-689.
[23]	Ong, G., Yap, M., Li, F.L. and Choo, T.B. (2005) Impact of Working Status Ion Breastfeeding in Singapore. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 424-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki030
[24]	Nagulesapillai, T., McDonald, S.W., Fenton, T.R., Mercader, H.F. and Tough, S. (2013) Breastfeeding Difficulties and Exclusivity among Late Preterm and Term Infants: Results from the All Our Babies Study. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 104, 351-356.
[25]	Haschke, F., Haiden, N., Detzel. P., Yarnoff, B., Allaire, B. and Haschke-Becher, E. (2013) Feeding Patterns during the First 2 Years and Health Outcome. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 62, 16-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351575
[26]	Niela-Vilén, H., Axelin, A., Melender, H.L. and Salantera, S. (2014) Aiming to Be a Breastfeeding Mother in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and at Home: A Thematic Analysis of Peer-Support Group Discussion in Social Media. Maternal & Child Nutrition. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12108
[27]	Haroon, S., Das, J.K., Salam, R.A., Imdad, A. and Bhutta, Z.A. (2013) Breastfeeding Promotion Interventions and Breastfeeding Practices: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 13, 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S20
[28]	Handa, D. and Schanler, R.J. (2013) Role of the Pediatrician in Breastfeeding Management. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 60, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.004
[29]	Albernaz, E. and Victora C.G. (2003) Impact of Face-to-Face Counseling on Duration of Exclusive Breast-Feeding: A Review. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 14, 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892003000600004
[30]	Meedya, S., Fahy, K. and Kable, A. (2010) Factors That Positively Influence Breastfeeding Duration to 6 Months: A Literature Review. Women and Birth, 23, 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2010.02.002
[31]	Sherriff, N., Panton, C. and Hall, V. (2014) A New Model of Father Support to Promote Breastfeeding. The Journal of Community Practice, 87, 20-24.
[32]	Tohotoa. J., Maycock, B., Hauck, Y.L., Howat, P., Burns, S. and Binns, C.W. (2009) Dads Make a Difference: An Exploratory Study of Paternal Support for Breastfeeding in Perth, Western Australia. International Breastfeeding Journal, 4, 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-4-15
[33]	Kenosi, M., Hawkes, C.P., Dempsey, E.M. and Ryan, C.A. (2011) Are Fathers Underused Advocates for Breastfeeding? Irish Medical Journal, 104, 313-315.
[34]	Grizzard, T.A., Bartick, M., Nikolov, M., Griffin, B.A. and Lee, K.G. (2006) Policies and Practices Related to Breastfeeding in Massachusetts: Hospital Implementation of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10, 247-263.
[35]	Srivastava, S., Gupta, A., Bhatnagar, A. and Dutta, S. (2014) Effect of Very Early Skin to Skin Contact on Success at Breastfeeding and Preventing Early Hypothermia in Neonates. Indian Journal Public Health, 58, 22-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.128160
[36]	Brown, A. and Jordan, S. (2013) Impact of Birth Complications on Breastfeeding Duration: An Internet Survey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69, 828-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06067.x
[37]	Khabbal, Y., Zaoui, S. and Cherrah, Y. (2013) Medicines and Breastfeeding: Assessing the Risk of Medicines to Infants. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 19, 186-191.