Parallel Cascade Correlation Neural Network Methods for 3D Facial Recognition: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

This paper explores the possibility of using multi-core programming model that implements the Cascade correlation neural networks technique (CCNNs), to enhance the classification phase of 3D facial recognition system, after extracting robust and distinguishable features. This research provides a comprehensive summary of the 3D facial recognition systems, as well as the state-of-the- art for the Parallel Cascade Correlation Neural Networks methods (PCCNNs). Moreover, it highlights the lack of literature that combined between distributed and shared memory model which leads to novel possibility of taking advantage of the strengths of both approaches in order to construct an efficient parallel computing system for 3D facial recognition.

Share and Cite:

Al-Qatawneh, S. and Jaber, K. (2015) Parallel Cascade Correlation Neural Network Methods for 3D Facial Recognition: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Computer and Communications, 3, 54-62. doi: 10.4236/jcc.2015.35007.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Jordan, L.E. and Gita, A. (2002) Fundamentals of Parallel Processing. Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference.
[2] Khalid Mohammad, J., Rosni, A. and Nur'Aini Abdul, R. (2014) Fast Decision Tree-Based Method to Index Large DNA-Protein Sequence Databases Using Hybrid Distributed-Shared Memory Programming Model. Int. J. Bioinformatics Res. Appl., 10, 321-340.
[3] Al-Qatawneh, S. (2012) 3D Facial Feature Extraction and Recognition. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
[4] Xu, C.H., Wang, Y.H., Tan, T.N. and Quan, L. (2004) Depth vs. Intensity: Which Is More Important for Face Recognition. 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 1, 342-345.
[5] Bowyer, K.W., Chang, K. and Flynn, P. (2006) A Survey of Approaches and Challenges in 3D and Multi-Modal 3D + 2D Face Recognition. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 101, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2005.05.005
[6] Nagamine, T., Uemura, T. and Masuda, I. (1992) 3D Facial Image Analysis for Human Identification. International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 324-327.
[7] Hesher, C., Srivastava, A. and Erlebacher, G. (2003) A Novel Technique for Face Recognition Using Range Imaging. International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSPA.2003.1224850
[8] Hesher, C.A.S. and Erlebacher, G. (2002) PCA of Range Images for Facial Recognition. In: Proceedings of International Multiconference in Computer Science, Las Vegas.
[9] Elyan, E. and Ugail, H. (2009) Automatic 3D Face Recognition Using Fourier Descriptors. In: International Conference on CyberWorlds, IEEE Computer Society, Bradford, UK.
[10] Cartoux, J.Y., Lapreste, J.T. and Richetin, M. (1989) Face Authentification or Recognition by Profile Extraction from Range Images. IEEE Computer Society Workshop on Interpretation of 3D Scenes, 194-199.
[11] Lee, J.C. and Milios, E. (1990) Matching Range Images of Human Faces. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Osaka, Japan.
[12] Gordon, G. (1992) Face Recognition Based on Depth and Curvature Features. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.1992.223253
[13] Tanaka, H., Ikeda, M. and Chiaki, H. (1998) Curvature-Based Surface Recognition Using Spherical Correlation Principal Directions for Curved Object Recognition. Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AFGR.1998.670977
[14] Chellappa, R. and Zhao, W.Y. (2000) Illumination-Insensitive Face Recognition Using Symmetric Shape-from-Shading. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.
[15] Beumier, C. and Acheroy, M. (2001) Face Verification from 3D and Grey Level Clues. Pattern Recognition Letters, 22, 1321-1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8655(01)00077-0
[16] Y. Wang, Chua C.-S. and Ho, Y.-K. (2002) Facial Features Detection and Face Recognition from 2D and 3D Images. Pattern Recognition Letters, 23, 1191-1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8655(02)00066-1
[17] Chang, K.I., Bowyer, K.W. and Flynn, P.J. (2003) Multimodal 2D and 3D Biometrics for Face Recognition. IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Face and Gestures, ed. K.W. Bowyer, 187-194.
[18] Moreno, A., Sanchez, A., Velez, J. and Diaz, F. (2003) Face Recognition Using 3D Surface-Extracted Descriptors. Irish Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference (IMVIP).
[19] Pan, G., Wu, Z. and Pan, Y. (2003) Automatic 3D Face Verification from Range Data. 193-196.
[20] Chang, K.I., Bowyer, K.W. and Flynn, P.J. (2003) Multimodal 2D and 3D Biometrics for Face Recognition. IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Face and Gestures, ed. K.W. Bowyer, 187-194.
[21] Tsalakanidou, F., Tzocaras, D. and Strintzis, M. (2003) Use of Depth and Colour Eigenfaces for Face Recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 24, 1427-1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8655(02)00383-5
[22] Lu, X. and Jain, A.K. (2005) Intergrating Range and Texture Information for 3D Face Recognition. 7th IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision.
[23] Lee, Y., Song, H., Yang, U., Shin, H. and Sohn, K. (2005) Local Feature Based 3D Face Recognition. International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication.
[24] Bronstein, A., Bronstein, M. and Kimmel, R. (2005) Three-Dimensional Face Recognition. International Journal of Computer Vision, 64, 5-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-005-1085-y
[25] Lee, Y., Song, H., Yang, U., Shin, H. and Sohn, K. (2005) Local Feature Based 3D Face Recognition. International Conference on Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication.
[26] Pan, G., Han, S., Wu, Z. and Wang, Y. (2005) 3D Face Recognition Using Mapped Depth Images. 175.
[27] Zhang, L., Razdan, A., Farin, G., Femiani, J., Bae, M. and Lockwood, C. (2006) 3D Face Authentication and Recognition Based on Bilateral Symmetry Analysis. The Visual Computer, 22, 43-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-005-0352-9
[28] Qatawnah, S., Ipson, S., Qahwaji, R. and Ugail, H. (2008) 3D Face Recognition Based on Machine Learning. In: IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing (VIIP 2008), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
[29] Khalid Mohammad, J., Rosni, A. and Nur'Aini Abdul, R. (2014) Fast Decision Tree-Based Method to Index Large DNA-Protein Sequence Databases Using Hybrid Distri-buted-Shared Memory Programming Model. Int. J. Bioinformatics Res. Appl., 10, 321-340.
[30] Claudia, L. (2001) Parallel and Distributed Computing: A Survey of Models, Paradigms and Approaches. John Wiley \\& Sons, Inc.
[31] German, D. (2007) Engineering 90 Project Proposal. Computing Hardware for Accelerated Training of Cascade- Correlation Neural Networks. Dec. 4.
[32] GPGPU. http://gpgpu.org/
[33] Nvidia. http://www.nvidia.com
[34] Sharma, G. and Martin, J. (2009) MATLAB??: A Language for Parallel Computing. International Journal of Parallel Programming, 3-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10766-008-0082-5
[35] Huqqani, A.A., Schikuta, E., Ye, S. and Chen, P. (2013) Multicore and GPU Parallelization of Neural Networks for Face Recognition. Procedia Computer Science, 18, 349-358.
[36] Xavier, S.-C., Francisco, M.-R. and Victor, U.-C. (2010) Parallel Training of a Back-Propagation Neural Network Using CUDA. Book Parallel Training of a Back-Propagation Neural Network Using CUDA, Series Parallel Training of a Back-Propagation Neural Network Using CUDA, ed., IEEE Computer Society.
[37] Mark Pethick, M.L., Werstein, P. and Huang, Z.Y. (2003) Parallelization of a Backpropagation Neural Network on a Cluster Computer. Proc. the Fifteenth IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems, November, 574-582.
[38] Long, L.N. and Gupta, A. (2008) Scalable Massively Parallel Artificial Neural Networks. Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Communication, 5, 1-11.
[39] George, D., Alan, M. and Tia, N. (2008) Parallelizing Neural Network Training for Cluster Systems. In: Book Parallelizing Neural Network Training for Cluster Systems, Series Parallelizing Neural Network Training for Cluster Systems, ACTA Press.
[40] Schuessler, O. and Loyola, D. (2011) Parallel Training of Artificial Neural Networks Using Multithreaded and Multicore CPUs. Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6593, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 70-79.
[41] Fahlmann, S.E. and Lebiere, C. (1989) Advances in Neural Information Processing System 2(NIPS-2). In: Touretzky, D.S., Ed., Morgan Kaufmann, Denver, 524.
[42] DTREG. http://www.dtreg.com/cascade.htm
[43] Shet, R.N., Lai, K.H., Edirisingh, E. and Chung, P.W.H. (2005) Pattren Recognition and Image Analysis. In: Marques, J.S., de la Pe’rez, B.N. and Pina, P., Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin.
[44] Ingrid, K., Masafumi, K., Jun-ichi, A. and Hideto, T. (1996) The Time-Sliced Paradigm & Mdash;a Connectionist Method for Continuous Speech Recognition. Inf. Sci., 133-158.

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.