Multinational Measles Outbreak in Post-Elimination Era, Involves Three Countries of North America and a European Country in a Short Transmission Chain

Cuitláhuac Ruiz-Matus; Lorena Suárez-Idueta; Ilse Herbas-Rocha; José Luis Diaz-Ortega; Edith Cruz-Ramírez; Abraham Ramírez-Jurado; Irma López-Martínez; José Cruz Rodríguez-Martínez; José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez

doi:10.4236/wjv.2015.52010

Home > Journals > Medicine & Healthcare > WJV

World Journal of Vaccines > Vol.5 No.2, May 2015

Multinational Measles Outbreak in Post-Elimination Era, Involves Three Countries of North America and a European Country in a Short Transmission Chain ()

Cuitláhuac Ruiz-Matus¹, Lorena Suárez-Idueta¹, Ilse Herbas-Rocha², José Luis Diaz-Ortega^3*, Edith Cruz-Ramírez⁴, Abraham Ramírez-Jurado⁵, Irma López-Martínez⁴, José Cruz Rodríguez-Martínez¹, José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez⁴

¹General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
²National Center for Health of Children and Adolescents, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
³National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁴Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁵State Health Services, Quintana Roo, Mexico.

DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2015.52010 PDF HTML XML 6,299 Downloads 7,272 Views Citations

Abstract

Background: Four measles cases in Canada and one in the United States are linked to international importation of measles in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Objective: To describe characteristics of transmission and not spillover to local population in Mexico. Material and Methods: The outbreak investigation was based on active search of cases and in the rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage in children aged 1 - 7 years old. Laboratory confirmation by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and molecular detection by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay in throat swab and urine were done. Results: One transmission chain with three generations of cases was identified. The primary case was a 9-year-old boy who was infected in Wales, UK. His sisters aged 7 and 15 years old respectively, were the first generation of cases in Mexico. The second generation was related to the imported cases, and affected two Canadian tourists and an American woman aged 39 years old. A third generation occurred in Canada and affected an infant of 15 months of age and his sister aged 4 years old. The genotype D8 which was circulating in UK was identified in these patients. One probable case was detected in Quintana Roo, but was discarded by laboratory testing. The coverage with at least one dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine ranged from 95% to 99.5%. Conclusion: International travelers with no history of vaccination are at risk of acquiring measles even in countries that have interrupted endemic transmission. The high immunization coverage of measles containing vaccine could explain the absence of cases in Mexican population. Highlights: Multinational measles outbreak in a country without endemic transmission. The findings exhibit the importance of immunization in international travelers in the post-elimination era.

Keywords

Measles Multinational Outbreak, Transmission in Post-Elimination Era, Genotype D8

Share and Cite:

Ruiz-Matus, C. , Suárez-Idueta, L. , Herbas-Rocha, I. , Diaz-Ortega, J. , Cruz-Ramírez, E. , Ramírez-Jurado, A. , López-Martínez, I. , Rodríguez-Martínez, J. and Díaz-Quiñonez, J. (2015) Multinational Measles Outbreak in Post-Elimination Era, Involves Three Countries of North America and a European Country in a Short Transmission Chain. World Journal of Vaccines, 5, 79-87. doi: 10.4236/wjv.2015.52010.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Wolfson, L.J., Strebel, P.M., Gacic-Dobo, M., Hoekstra, E.J., McFarland, J.W. and Hersh, B.S. (2007) Has the 2005 Measles Mortality Reduction Global Been Achieved? A Natural History Modelling Study. The Lancet, 369,191-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60107-X
[2]	Perry, R.T., Gacic-Dobo, M., Dabbagh, A., Strebel, P.M., Okwo-Bele, J.M. and Goodson, J.I. (2013) Global Control and Regional Elimination of Measles, 2000-2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 27-31.
[3]	Velázquez-Monroy, O.J., Alavarez-Lucas, C.H., Lezana-Fernández, M.A. and Avila-Figueroa, C. (1990) Panorama epidemiológico del sarampión en México: Situación actual y perspectivas. Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, 47, 462-473.
[4]	Díaz-Ortega, J.L. and Montesano-Castellano, R. (1998) Rompiendo la cadena: Eliminación del sarampión en México. In: Santos Preciado, J.I., Ed., Infectología, Interamericana-Mc-Graw-Hill, México, D.F., 258-272.
[5]	Herbas Rocha, I.M.J. and Villanueva-Domínguez, J. (2010) Vacunación y panorama epidemiológico del sarampión en México 1989-2009. Revista de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Pediatría, 23, 36.
[6]	OPS (2011) Plan de acción para la documentación y verificación de la eliminación de sarampión, rubéola y síndrome de rubéola congénita en la Región de las Américas. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington DC.
[7]	Comisión Nacional para la Documentación y Verificación de la Eliminación del Sarampión, Rubéola y Síndrome de Rubéola Congénita en México. Informe Final. Febrero de 2012.
[8]	Díaz Ortega, J.L. (2013) Las estrategias de eliminación regional en la re-emergencia global del sarampión. Sensor. Boletín electrónico de Sociedad, género y políticas públicas. Información para el desarrollo del estado de Oaxaca, 12, 22-25.
[9]	Martin, R., Deshevoi, S., Buddha, N. and Jankovic, D. (2009) Approaching Measles and Rubella Elimination in the European Region—Need to Sustain the Gains. Eurosurveillance, 14, pii=19449. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19449
[10]	WHO (2013) Progress in Global Control and Regional Elimination of Measles, 2000-2011. The Weekly Epidemiological Record, 88, 29-36.
[11]	Andrews, N., Tischer, A., Siedler, A., Pebody, R.G., Barbara, C., Cotter, S., Duks, A., Gacheva, N., Bohumir, K., Johansen, K., Mossong, J., de Ory, F., Prosenc, K., Sláciková, M., Theeten, H., Zarvou, M., Pistol, A., Bartha, K., Cohen, D., Backhouse, J., Griskeviciuss, A. and Nardonea, A. (2008) Towards Elimination: Measles Susceptibility in Australia and 17 European Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86, 197-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.041129
[12]	Dobson, R. (2008) England and Wales Are among Countries at Risk of Measles Epidemic. BMJ, 336, 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39451.636146.DB
[13]	Ghebrehewet, S., Hayhurst, G., Keenan, A. and Moore, H. (2012) Outbreak of Measles in Central and Eastern Cheshire, UK, October 2008-February 2009. Epidemiology and Infection, 9, 1849-1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812002300
[14]	Limb, M. (2012) Outbreaks among Travellers Linked to almost Two Fold Rise in Measles Cases. BMJ, 345, e5797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5797
[15]	Wise, J. (2013) Measles Outbreak Hits Northeast England. BMJ, 346, f662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f662
[16]	Wise, J. (2013) Largest Group of Children Affected by Measles Outbreak in Wales Is 10-18 Year Olds. BMJ, 346, f2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2545
[17]	Huoi, C., Casalegno, J.S., Benet, T., Neuraz, A., Billaud, G., Eibach, D., Mekki, Y., Rudigoz, R., Massardier, J., Huissoud, C., Massoud, M., Gaucherand, P., Claris, O., Gillet, Y., Floret, D., Lina, B. and Vanhems, P. (2012) A Report on the Large Measles Outbreak in Lyon, France, 2010 to 2011. Eurosurveillance, 17, pii=20264. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20264
[18]	Mortamet, G., Dina, J., Freymuth, F., Guillois, B. and Vabret, A. (2012) Rougeole: que retenir de l’année 2011? Archives de Pédiatrie, 19, 1269-1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2012.08.006
[19]	Antona, D., Lévy-Bruhl, D., Baudon, C., Freymuth, F., Lamy, M., Maine, C., Floret, D. and Parent du Chatelet, I. (2013) Measles Elimination Efforts and 2008-2011 Outbreak, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19, 357-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1903.121360
[20]	Mayoral Cortes, J.M., Perez Morilla, E., Gallardo Garcia, V., Navarro Mari, J.M., Perez Ruiz, M., Hermosilla, R., Diaz-Borrego, J., Rodriguez Romero, E. and Ruiz Fernandez, J. (2012) Measles Outbreak in Andalusia, Spain, January to August 2011. Eurosurveillance, 17, pii=20300. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20300
[21]	Lassen, S.G., Schuster, M., Stemmler, M., Steinmüller, A., Matysiak-Klose, D., Mankertz, A., Santibanez, S., Wichmann, O. and Falkenhorst, G. (2014) Measles Outbreak Spreading from the Community to an Anthroposophic School, Berlin, 2011. Epidemiology and Infection, 142, 789-796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813001398
[22]	Filia, A., Tavilla, A., Bella, A., Magurano, F., Ansaldi, F., Chironna, M., Nicoletti, L., Palu, G., Iannazzo, S., Declich, S. and Rota, M.C. (2011) Measles in Italy, July 2009 to September 2010. Eurosurveillance,16, pii=19925. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19925
[23]	Melidou, A., Gioula, G., Pogka, V., Exindari, M., Moutoussi, A., Sgouras, D., Papadakos, K., Chatzidimitriou, D., Karabaxoglou, D., Mentis, A. and Malisiovas, N. (2012) Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Greek Measles 2010 Strains. Epidemiology and Infection, 140, 432-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095026881100094X
[24]	Schmid, D., Holzmann, H., Schwarz, K., Kasper, S., Kuo, H.W., Aberle, S.W., Redlberger-Fritz, M., Hautmann, W., Santibanez, S., Mankertz, A., Konig, C., Magnet, E., Reichart, S., Meusburger, S., Luckner-Hornischer, A., De Martin, A., Bechter, E., Stirling, J. and Allerberger, F. (2010) Measles Outbreak Linked to a Minority Group in Austria, 2008. Epidemiology and Infection, 138, 415-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809990604
[25]	Castillo-Solorzano, C.C., Matus, C.R., Flannery, B., Marsigli, C., Tambini, G. and Andrus, K. (2011) The Americas: Paving the Road toward Global Measles Eradication. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, S270-S278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir166
[26]	De Serres, G., Markowski, F., Toth, E., Landry, M., Auger, D., Mercier, M., Bélanger, P., Turmel, B., Arruda, H., Boulianne, N., Ward, B.J. and Skowronski, D.M. (2013) Largest Measles Epidemic in North America in a Decade— Quebec, Canada, 2011: Contribution of Susceptibility, Serendipity, and Superspreading Events. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 207, 990-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis923
[27]	Parker Fielbelkorn, A., Reed, S.B., Gallagher, K., Rota, P.A., Rota, J., Bellini, W. and Sewrd, J. (2010) Measles in the United States during the Postelimination Era. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202, 1520-1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656914
[28]	Hill, M., Risk, I., Burnett, C., Garcia, W., Carter, A., Guerra, L., Goodsell, L., LaPriel, C., Redd, E., Nelson, S., Vernon, V., Leniek, K., Saw, L., Seward, J.F., Kutty, P.K., Wallace, G., Bellini, W.J., Rota, P.A., Rota, J. and Lanier, W.A. (2013) Two Measles Outbreaks After Importation—Utah, March-June 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 222-225.
[29]	Outbreak of Measles in Wales Nov 2012-July 2013: Report of the Agencies Which Responded to the Outbreak. http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/888/document/224574
[30]	Shane, A., Hiebert, J., Sherrad, L. and Deehan, H. (2014) Measles Surveillance in Canada: Trends for 2013. Canada Communicable Disease Report CCDR, 40, 1-12.
[31]	Wallace, G., Redd, S., Rota, J., Rota, P., Bellini, W. and Lebo, E. (2013) Measles-United States January 1-August 24, 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 741-743.
[32]	Manual de Procedimientos Estandarizados para la vigilancia Epidemiológica de las Enfermedades Prevenibles por Vacunación. Secretaria de Salud, México, D.F. http://www.epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/
[33]	WHO (1996) Monitoring immunization services using the Lot Quality Technique. Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization. Vaccine Research and Development. WHO/VRD/TRAM/96.01
[34]	(2008) Consejo Nacional de Vacunación. Manual de Vacunación 2008-2009. Capítulo 4. Vacunas y toxoides. Secretaría de Salud, México.
[35]	Hummel, K.B., Lowe, L., Bellini, W.J. and Rota, P.A. (2006) Development of Quantitative Gene-Specific Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for the Detection of Measles Virus in Clinical Specimens. Journal of Virological Methods, 132, 166- 173.
[36]	WHO (2007) Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Measles and Rubella Virus Infection, 2nd edition. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[37]	Dirección General de Epidemiología. Manual Caminando a la Excelencia Evaluación 2011-2012. Secretaría de Salud. México, D.F. http://www.epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/
[38]	Díaz-Ortega, J.L., Ferreira-Guerrero, E, Trejo-Valdivia, B., Téllez Rojo, M.M., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Hernández-Serrato, M., Montoya-Rodríguez, A.A. and García-García, L. (2013) Cobertura de vacunación en ninos y adolescentes en México: esquema completo, incompleto y no vacunación. Salud Pública de México, 55, S289-S299
[39]	Jost, M., Luzi, D., Metzler, S., Miran, B., Mutsch, M. (2015) Measles Associated with International Travel in the Region of the Americas, Australia and Europe, 2001-2013: A Systematic Review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 13, 10-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.10.022
[40]	Lanini, S., Capobianchi, M.R., Puro, V., Filia, A., Del Manso, M., Karki, T., Nicoletti, L., Magurano, F., Derrough, T., Severi, E., Bonfigli, S., Lauria, F.N., Ippolito, G., Vellucci, L., Pompa, M.G., and the Central Task Force for the Measles Outbreak (2014) Measles Outbreak on a Cruise Ship in the Western Mediterranean, February 2014, Preliminary Report. Eurosurveillance, 19, pii=20735 http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20735