Geochemistry of Major Oxides in Host Rocks in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.), India

Farhat Nasim Siddiquie, Mohd Shaif^*

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.

DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2015.64028                

Abstract

The abundance, distribution trends and significance of the major oxides in the host rocks in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.) (between N latitude 18°12' and 18°30' and E longitudes 83°20' and 83°45'), 15 samples of host rocks from different localities of the area under study were collected and analyzed for major oxides. We describe here in major oxides geochemistry of host rocks and manganese ore deposits associated with Precambrian Khondalite and Charnockite in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.): 1) Preponderance of SiO₂ over Al₂O₃; 2) Dominance of K₂O and CaO over Na₂O; 3) Abnormally high concentration of phosphorus and a positive relationship of P₂O₅ with CaO and Ti contents; 4) Manganese increases with increases of iron, lime and soda and vice versa, 5) CaO increases with the increases of Al₂O₃, Ti, K₂O and vice versa. High P₂O₅content in these manganese ores appears to be the result of precipitation from secondary manganese rich solutions containing dissolved phosphorus from the P₂O₅ enriched host rocks. Another source of P₂O₅ may be the associated granitic and pegmatitic intrusions. Elements like K, Na, Ca, Mg, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn etc. appear to be mostly concentrated in the Mn-minerals viz. psilomelane, cryptomelane, hollandite and pyrolusite and related secondary phases [1] and [2]. Stratigraphically, the study area includes within a thick succession of Precambrian Group belonging to the Khondalite and Charnockite Groups of Dharwar Supergroup, that form a part of Eastern Ghat Complex of India. The manganiferous rocks that have been encountered in the Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.) India are known as Kodurites.

Keywords

Vizianagarm, Manganese Ores, Major Oxides, Khondalite, Charnockite, A.P., Geochemistry, Eastern Ghat, Dharwar Supergroup

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Siddiquie, F.N. (2001) Source of Unusually High P2O5 in Manganese Ores of Srikakulam District (A.P.), India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 3, 78-84.
[2]	Siddiquie, F.N., Ali, S.A., Bhat, S.H. and Burhamuddin, Kh. (2015) Genetic Association of Trace Elements of with Special Emphasis on Cu, Ni, and Cr in the Manganese Ores of Vizianagaram District, (A.P.), India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 17, 66-77.
[3]	Acharya, D.C. and Nayak, B.K. (2002) Mineral Chemistry of Manganese Ores Associated with Precambrian Eastern Ghats Complex of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, India. In: Siddiquie, F.N., Ed., Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam-Visakhapatnam Belt, Icon Publication Ltd., New Delhi, 213 p.
[4]	Sarkar, S.N. (1968) Precambrian Stratigraphy and Geochronology of Peninsular India. Dhanbad Publishers, India, 33 p.
[5]	Roy, S. (1966) Syngenetic Manganese Formations of India. Jadavpur University Press, Calcutta, 219 p.
[6]	Mahnert, K.R. (1968) Migmatites and the Origin of Granitic Rocks. Els. Pub. Co., 393 p.
[7]	Rao, G.V. (1969) The Geology and Manganese Ore Deposits of Parts of Vizakhapatnam (Visakhampatnam) Manganese Belt, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Bulletin of Geological Survey of India, Series A, No. 35, 129 p.
[8]	Fermor, L.L. (1909) Manganese Ore Deposits of India. Memoir of Geological Survey of India, 37, 272.
[9]	Middlemiss, C.S. (1914) General Report of Geological Survey of India. Geological Survey of India, 36, 102-105.
[10]	Rao, S.V.G.K. and Sarma, K.J. (1978) Report on Assessment of Manganese Ore in Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam Districts, A.P., India. Unpublished Report, Geological Survey of India.
[11]	Prabhakhar Rao, G. (1950) The Geology of Manganese Bearing Rocks of Garividi and Garbham, Vizagapatnam District, A.P., India. Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 22, 25-42.
[12]	Venkataramaiah, K., Doshi, C.M. and Rao, S.V.G.K. (1978) A Report on the Assessment of the Manganese Ore Deposits in Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam District, A.P., India. Unpublished Report, Indian Bureau of Mines.
[13]	Siddiquie, F.N. (1982) A Geochemical Appraisal of the Manganese Ores of Garividi, Garbham and Chirpurupalle mines, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, Geology Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 92 p.
[14]	Siddiquie, F.N. (1986) Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese Ore Deposits of Srikakulam District (Andhra Pradesh), India. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Geology Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 253 p.
[15]	Siddiquie, F.N. (2000) On the Occurrence of Lepocinclis from Khondalites of Srikakulam District (A.P.). Bulletin of the Indian Geologist’s Association, 33, 63-68.
[16]	Siddiquie, F.N. (2003) Some Modification in the Stratigraphy of Manganese Bearing Formations, Srikakulam District (A.P.), India. Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 137-154.
[17]	Siddiquie, F.N. (2004) Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam-Visakhapatnam Belt. Icon Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 194.
[18]	Sharma, N.L., Ali, I. and Perraju, P. (1974) Geology of Parts of Srikakulam, Chipurupalli and Palakonda Taluks, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Unpublished Report, Geol. Surv. India.
[19]	The Indian Express (Express Newsline) (2002) Geologist Discovers New Green Alga. Science Talk, 7.
[20]	Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1954) The Geology of Chipurupalle Area, Vizagapatnam District, A.P., India, with Special Reference to the Origin of Manganese Ores. Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 26, 36-44.
[21]	Siddiquie, F.N. and Bhat, S.H. (2010) Geochemistry of Trace Elements in Manganese Ores and Their Host Rocks in Vizianagaram Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.), India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 10, 38-72.
[22]	Janardhan, A.S., Newton, R.C. and Hansen, E.C. (1983) Transformation of Peninsular Gneiss to Charnockite in Southern Karnataka. Memoir 4, Geological Society of India. Proceedings of the Indo-U.S. Workshop, Hyderabad, 417-435.
[23]	Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1975) Some Problems on the Manganese Ore Deposits of A.P., India. Acta Mieralogica-Petrographica, 22, 133-141.
[24]	Gupta, B.P. (1973) Petrology of Leptynites and Garnetiferous Apatite Gneiss around Garbham, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 14, 113-123.
[25]	Krishnan, M.S. (1934) Khondalite from the Road between Banderwala and Nuwara, Eliya M.P. 1. Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Record of Geological Survey of India, 67, 395.
[26]	Raghava Rao, K.V. (1955) In: Rao, G.V., 1959. The Geology and Manganese Ore Deposits of Parts of Vizakhapatnam (Visakhapatnam) Manganese Belt, Srikakulam District, A.P. India. Bulletin of Geological Survey of India, Series A, No. 35, 1-129.
[27]	Mookherjee, A. (1961) Distribution of Minor Elements in the Gonditic Manganese Ore and Its Geochemical Significance. Economic Geology, 56, 723-729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.56.4.723
[28]	Rankama, K. and Sahama, Th.G. (1950) Geochemistry. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 912 p.
[29]	Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (1990) Major and Trace Elements Variability in Manganese Ores of Srikakulam District (A.P.). Indian Geologist’s Association, Chandigarh, Vol. 23, 99-109.
[30]	Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (1990) Trace Elements in the Manganese Ores of Srikakulam Distt. (A.P.) India (Abstract). National Seminar on Precambrian Geology, Madras, 61.
[31]	Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (2008) Geochemical Environment and Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Vizianagaram Manganese Belt Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of the Indian Association of Sedimentologist, 27, 1-16.
[32]	Drever, J.I. (1971) Magnesium Iron Replacement in Clay Minerals in Anoxic Marine Sediments. Science, 172, 1334-1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.172.3990.1334
[33]	Divakara Rao, V. (1983) Khondalites from the Eastern Ghat Granulite Belt Geochemistry and Origin. Geophysical Research Bulletin, 20, 233-242.
[34]	Nriagu, J.O. (1972) Stability of Vivianite and Iron-Pair Formation of the System Fe3(PO4)2-H3PO4-H2O. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 36, 459-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(72)90035-X
[35]	Krishna Rao, J.S.R. and Venkataramaraju, D. (1966) A Study of Apatites from Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 38, 177-181.
[36]	Mason, B. and Berggren, T. (1941) A Phosphate-Bearing Spessartite Garnet from Wodgina, Western Australia. Geologiska Fareningen i Stockholm F?rhandlingar, 63, 413-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035894109445078
[37]	Mitchell, L., Faust, G.T., Hendricks, S.B. and Reynolds, D.S. (1943) The Mineralogy and Genesis of Hydroxyl Apatite. American Mineralogist, 28, 356.
[38]	Bhattacharyya, C. (1972) Granitisation in Relation to Evaluation of the Charnockite Series from the Eastern Ghat Hills, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte, No. 5, 220-240.
[39]	Bostrom, K. (1967) The Problem of Excess Manganese in Pelagic Sediments. In: Ableson, P.H., Ed., Researches in Geochemistry, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 420-452.
[40]	Naqvi, S.M., Divakara Rao, V. and Narain, H. (1978) The Primitive Crust: Evidence from the Indian Shield. Precambrian Research, 6, 323-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(78)90021-9
[41]	Ali, S. and Devakara Rao, V. (1980) Geochemistry and Origin of Acidic Rocks of Shimoga, Karnataka, India. Journal of Gelogical Society India, 21, 91-96.
[42]	Divakara Rao, V. and Rama Rao, P. (1982) Granitic Activity and Crustal Growth in India Shield. Precambrian Research, 16, 257-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(82)90063-8
[43]	Sheraton, J.W. (1980) Geochemistry of Precambrian Metapelites from East Antarctica: Secular and Metamorphic Variations. Bureau of Mineral Resources Journal of Australia Geology and Geophysics, 5, 279-288.
[44]	Glikson, A.Y. (1979) Early Precambrian Tonalite-Trondhjemite.