Risk Factors of First Acute Myocardial Infarction: Comparison of Elderly and Non-Elderly: A 24-Year Study ()
1. Introduction
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is one of the most common causes of death in industry worldwide [1] . In addition, cardiovascular disease is the most common diagnosis in the elderly, and the first cause of death in men and women over 65 years [2] . There are rare or no symptoms of angina in aging and ischemia in the elderly compared with younger patients. Therefore, the symptoms are named “atypical” because the usual symptoms such as substernal pressure and other symptoms do not exist [2] .
Although the risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in men and women are similar, INTERHEART study has shown stronger association between female gender and diabetes [3] , and the age at IHD is a predictor of death [2] [4] .
The existence of traditional risk factors of IHD can result in early myocardial infarction [5] [6] . About 90% of IHD occurs in patients who have known risk factors and many studies have confirmed it [7] . The main risk factors of this condition are known, and each risk factor increases the likelihood of IHD through life [8] .
It is not clear if the risk factors of IHD are different in elderly and non-elderly people. However, it is known that subclinical IHD is more common in elderly [7] .
The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of risk factors of IHD between elderly and non-elderly patients who had been admitted to hospital for the first attack of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), in a 24- year survey in Tehran, Iran. We hope that the results can be used for preparing some information for primary and even secondary prevention to reduce the number and disability of this chronic disease, especially in the elderly.
2. Participants & Methods
This retrospective study was conducted in educational hospitals in Tehran, Iran in 2006. Hospitals included in this study were Imam Khomeini, Ayatollah Taleghani, Dr. Shariati and Shahid Rajaee.
2.1. Participants & Sampling
Participants were all patients who had admitted due to first MI attack in Cardiac Care Unite of educational hospitals of Tehran between 1982 and 2005, and a cardiologist confirmed their diagnosis. Sampling was done by stratified random sampling method among the admitted patients. Patients were divided into two groups: elderly (age > 65; n = 1060) and non-elderly (age ≤ 65; n = 2228) [9] .
2.2. Measures and Measurement
Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data were got from hospital chart review
2.3. Risk Factors
We defined systolic HTN as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg [10] , diastolic HTN as diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg [10] , hypercholesterolemia as cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl [11] , diabetes as history of known case or Fasting Blood Sugar ≥ 126/dl [12] , hyper triglyceridemia as triglyceride ≥ 150 [10] and cigarette smoking as daily use of cigarette [13] and positive family history
2.4. Data Analysis
Defining the sample size was done by a pilot study. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Data analyzed by chi square. Significant level was considered 0.05.
3. Results
The mean of age was 59.4 ± 11.75 and the range was between 17 and 100.
The Status of Risk Factors in Study Group
In elderly group, the prevalence of male gender (p < 0.001), cigarette smoking (p < 0.001), positive family history (p < 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (p < 0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia (p < 0.001) were significantly lower than non-elderly group. The prevalence of systolic HTN (p < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.004), were higher in the elderly group than non-elderly group. The prevalence of diastolic HTN showed no significant difference in these two groups (p > 0.05). Table 1 compares the prevalence of risk factors in the age groups.
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Table 1. Comparison of prevalence of risk factors of first acute MI in elderly and non-elderly people.
4. Discussion
In patients with MI, diabetes and systolic HTN were more common in elderly than non-elderly group (p < 0.001), and male gender, smoking; family history and dyslipidemia were less common (p < 0.001). The prevalence of diastolic HTN was not different among these age groups.
The less important role male gender as a IHD risk factor in elderly people is confirmed in other studies too [4] [9] - [11] . Gender difference of MI is moderated by age, and this is in part due to the weakening the protective effect of estrogen on IHD after menopause.
In addition, smoking had a high prevalence in both groups, about 42% of all patients; it was seen less in elderly group than non-elderly people were. This difference has shown in other studies of IHD were seen less than non-elderly group, too [13] - [15] . In other countries, this is confirmed [16] - [19] . That might be associated with other risk factors which can show a familial distribution, such as smoking, life style, dyslipidemia, or genetic similarities among families. Young smokers who have a lower risks, compared with older adults myocardial infarction occurs younger ages [20] [21] .
About the lower prevalence of dyslipidemia in elderly group, containing hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, our findings are in line to some other reports [19] [20] . Generally, it is believed by some researchers that dyslipidemia might be of more danger for patients younger than 65 [12] .
Among those patients admitted because of the first AMI, the prevalence of diabetes is higher in the elderly than non-elderly. Other studies have shown high prevalence of diabetes and its considerable role in AMI at the old age, besides the high mortality rate of IHD/AMI in diabetics in comparison to those without diabetics, the importance of control diabetes in patients with IHD/AMI in elderly is more highlighted [22] [23] .
Although, diastolic HTN was similar in both groups, systolic HTN was more common in the elderly group. There are studies however not all of them [2] confirm this finding.
As a matter of fact, since IHD is a multi-factorial condition, and because of a large number of traditional risk factors and the moderating factor of age on their importance, we are encouraged to assess the distribution of and the modifiable IHD risk factors better, especially for each age group. Primary prevention in older people are less represented. Knowledge regarding these modifiable risk factors can be considered essential for primary and even secondary prevention programming.
According to this study, it is necessary that for prevention of AMI in elderly, diabetes and systolic HTN should be mostly attended, while it is necessary that smoking and dyslipidemia to be attended more and more in the non-elderly group. These findings can be used for national programs for prevention of AMI and IHD. However any intervention for changing life style in non-elderly, will affect them when they become elderly, and as a general rule, preventive interventions are welcomed for AMI/IHD if they can initiated from the early childhood. Non-performance or poor performance of health care providers may be due to various recommendations by physicians. Therefore, the specific recommendations for each country may be required
5. Limitations
One of the drawbacks of this study was that some of the risk factors in the first years of study period were missed. In addition, we were not able to assess the smoking index. Moreover, metabolic syndrome and high body mass index were not considered. Additionally, control groups for each age group could compare the importance of risk factors in different age groups.
In this study, elderly were selected as those with mean age > 65 years. However, this study is the first study conducted in Iran up to now, which provides us with information for comparing elderly and non-elderly age groups by means of IHD risk factors.
6. Conclusion
Generally, in elderly people systolic HTN and diabetes have been more prevalent, and male gender, smoking, family history of IHD and dyslipidemia are less prevalent than non-elderly group.
Acknowledgements
The study approved by Tehran University of Medical Sciences & health Services ethics committee. This research has been supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences & health Services grant. We appreciate research deputy of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, which provided us with the budget of this research.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.