Mechanical Activation of Chemical Process

Czesław Kajdas

Institute of Chemistry in Plock, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2015.61008                

Abstract

Recently, some specificities of hydrothermal synthesis have been discussed by Avvakumov, Senna and Kosova, emphasizing the ability of water to dissolve selected materials at increased temperature and pressure, and suggest that the process is based on self-ionization. The present author proposes an alternative approach based on low-energy electrons generated by processes of mechanical action (mechanical activation). These types of reactions encompass both mechanochemistry and tribochemistry. Mention wise is that tribochemical reactions are distinct from those of thermochemical reactions. G. Kaupp considers mechanochemistry as mechanical breakage of intramolecular bonds by external force. Sakaguchi et al. introduced the concept of mechano-anion-radicals (MARs) generation process in the polymer mechanical degradation via two types of carbon-carbon (C-C) bond cleavage, homogeneous and heterogeneous. Based on the negative-ion-radical-action-mechanism (NIRAM) approach, this paper proposes a novel mechanism which eliminates the heterogeneous C-C bond splitting. It is evidenced that both the proposed alternative mechanism and the substitution of the heterogeneous C-C bond splitting are possible.

Keywords

Bond Cleavage, Hydrothermal Synthesis, Mechanochemistry, Tribochemistry, NIRAM

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Takacs, L. (2014) What Is Unique about Mechanochemical Reactions? Acta Physica Polonica A, 126, 1040-1043.
[2]	Urakaev, F.K. (2007) Mechanodestruction of Minerals at the Crack Tip (Overview): 1. Experiment. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34, 351-361.
[3]	Faraday Discussion 170 (2014) Mechanochemistry: From Functional Solids to Single Molecules. Montreal, May 21-23.
[4]	Carey-Lea, M. (1893) On Endothermic Reactions Effected by Mechanical Force. Philosophical Magazine, 36, 350-351.
[5]	Takacs, L. (2003) M. Carey Lea. The Father of Mechanochemistry. Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, 28, 26-34.
[6]	Takacs, L. (2003) M. Carey Lea, the First Mechanochemists. Journal of Materials Science, 39, 4987-4993.
[7]	Takacs, L. (2000) The First Documented Mechanochemical Reaction? Journal of Metals, 52, 12-13.
[8]	Kajdas, C. (2013) General Approach to Mechanochemistry and Its Relation to Tribochemistry. In: Pihtili, H., Ed., Tribology in Enginering, InTech, Chapter 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50507
[9]	Takacs, L. (2013) M. Carey Lea, the First Mechanochemist. Journal of Materials Science, 39, 4987-4993
[10]	Wang, Y., Botvinick, E.L., Zhao, Y., Berns, M.W., Usami, S., Tsien, R.Y. and Chien, S. (2005) Visualizing the Mechanical Activation of Src. Nature, 434, 1040-1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03469
[11]	Katsumi, A., Orr, A.W., Tzima, E. and Schwartz, M.A. (2003) Integrins in Mechanotransduction. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 12001-12004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R300038200
[12]	Braga, D., Maini, L. and Grepioni, F. (2013) Mechanochemical Preparation of Co-Crystals. Chemical Society Reviews, 42, 7638-7648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60014a
[13]	Sakaguchi, M. and Kashiwabara, H. (1992) A Generation Mechanism of Triboelectricity Due to the Reaction of Mechanoradicals with Mechanoions Which Are Produced by Mechanical Fracture of Solid Polymer. Colloid and Polymer Science, 270, 621-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654038
[14]	Sakaguchi, M., Miwa, Y., Hara, S., Sugino, Y., Yamamoto, K. and Shimada, S. (2004) Triboelectricity in Polymers: Effects of the Ionic Nature of Carbon-Carbon Bonds in the Polymer Main Chain on Charge Due to Yield of Mechano-Anions Produced by Heterogeneous Scission of the Carbon-Carbon Bond by Mechanical Fracture. Journal of Electrostatics, 62, 35-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2004.04.003
[15]	Simionescu, Cr.I., Oprea, Cl.V. and Nicoleanu, J. (1983) Mechanochemically Initiated Polymerization-5. Polymerization by Vibratory Milling of Acrylamide and Methacrylamide. European Polymer Journal, 19, 525-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(83)90204-5
[16]	Kajdas, C. (1994) Importance of Anionic Reactive Intermediates for Lubricant Component Reactions with Friction Surfaces. Lubrication Science, 6, 203-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ls.3010060302
[17]	Kaupp, G. (2009) Mechanochemistry: The Varied Applications of Mechanical Bond-Breaking. The Royal Society of Chemistry. CrystEngComm, 11, 388-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b810822f
[18]	Kajdas, C. (1983) On a Negative-Ion Concept of EP Action of Organo-Sulfur Compounds. ASLE Transactions, 28, 21-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698198508981590
[19]	Kajdas, C. (1985) About a Negative-Ion Concept of the Antiwear and Antiseizure Action of Hydrocarbons during Friction. Wear, 101, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(85)90208-X
[20]	Kajdas, C. (1987) About an Anionic-Radical Concept of the Lubrication Mechanism of Alcohols. Wear, 116, 167-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(87)90231-6
[21]	Hsu, S.M., Zhang, J. and Yin, Z. (2002) The Nature and Origin of Tribochemistry. Tribology Letters, 13, 131-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020112901674
[22]	Boldyrev, V.V. and Tkacova, K. (2000) Mechanochemistry of Solids: Past, Present, and Prospects. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 8, 121-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011347706721
[23]	Carey-Lea, M. (1893) XXXVI. Note on the Calculation of Correlation between Organs. Philosophical Magazine Series 5, 36, 350-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786449308620487
[24]	Baláz, P., Choi, W.S., Fabián, M. and Godocíková, E. (2006) Mechanochemistry in the Preparation of Advanced Materials. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 11, 122-129.
[25]	Takacs, L. (2013) The Historical Development of Mechanochemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 42, 7649-7659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35442j
[26]	James, S.L., Adams, C.J., Bolm, C., Braga, D., Collier, P., Friscic, T., et al. (2012) Mechanochemistry: Opportunities for New and Cleaner Synthesis. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 413-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15171a
[27]	Beyer, M.K. and Clausen-Schaumann, H. (2005) Mechanochemistry: The Mechanical Activation of Covalent Bonds. Chemical Reviews, 105, 2921-2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030697h
[28]	Fujiwara, K. and Komatsu, K. (2002) Mechanochemical Synthesis of a Novel C60 Dimer Connected by a Silicon Bridge and a Single Bond. Organic Letters, 4, 1039-1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol025630f
[29]	Guo, X., Xiang, D., Duan, G. and Mou, P. (2010) A Review of Mechanochemistry Applications in Waste Management. Waste Management, 30, 4-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.08.017
[30]	Litvin, B. and Popolitov, V. (1984) Hydrothermal Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds. Nauka, Moskva.
[31]	Avvakumov, E., Senna, M. and Kosova, N. (2001) Soft Mechanochemical Synthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
[32]	Oprea, C.V. and Popa, M. (1980) Mechanochemically Initiated Polymerization—II. Influence of Some Factors on the Mechanochemical Homopolymerization of Acrylonitrile by Vibratory Milling. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 90, 13-22.
[33]	Oprea, C.V. and Popa, M. (1980) Mechanochemically Initiated Polymerizations. Characterization of Poly(acrylonitrile) Mechanically Synthesized by Vibratory Grinding. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 92, 73-88.