An Entropy Approach to a Practical Limit of the Efficiencies of Developed and Multijunction Solar Cells

Abstract

Following a previously introduced entropy approach and reviewing experimental measurements, we find a similarity option between photoelectric effects, photovoltaic effects and thermoelectric effects. The photovoltaic effect and the thermoelectric effect are proved in this study to be driven by a Seebeck effect which depends mainly on the thermal potential of the incident radiation and the interacting materials. Hence, we apply such exciting conclusion to derive an advanced efficiency limit of the developed and multijunction solar cells that exceed the previously derived limit by Shockley and Queisser.

Share and Cite:

Abdelhady, S. (2014) An Entropy Approach to a Practical Limit of the Efficiencies of Developed and Multijunction Solar Cells. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 6, 383-390. doi: 10.4236/jemaa.2014.613039.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Herbert, C.B. and Greene, R.F. (1952) On a Theorem of Irreversible Thermodynamics. Physical Review, 86.
[2] Abdelhady, S. (2013) An Entropy Approach to Tesla’s Discovery of Wireless Power Transmission. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications, 5, 157-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2013.54025
[3] Abdelhady, S. (2010) A Fundamental Equation of Thermodynamics that Embraces Electrical and Magnetic Potentials. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications, 2, 162-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2010.23023
[4] Lebowitz, J.L. (1993) Macroscopic Laws and Microscopic Dynamics, Time’s Arrow and Boltzmann’s Entropy. Physica A, 194, 1-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(93)90336-3
[5] Abdelhady, S. (2009) Thermodynamic Analysis of Electric Current and Magnetic Flux. 11th International Conference on Energy and Environment, Ghurgada, 175-185.
[6] Abdelhady, S. (2012) A Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Flow in Optical Fiber Communication Systems. Applied Physics Research, 4.
[7] Abdelhady, S. (2010) Comments concerning Measurements and Equations in Electromagnetism. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2, 217-219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2010.212089
[8] Abdelhady, S. (2011) Comments on Einstein’s Explanation of Electrons, Photons, and the Photo-Electric Effect. Applied Physics Research, 3.
[9] Rowe, D.M. (2006) Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano. Taylor & Francis Group.
[10] Riffat, S.B. and Ma, X. (2003) Thermoelectrics: A Review of Present and Potential Applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23, 913-935.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(03)00012-7
[11] Van Herwaarden, A.W. and Sarro, P.M. (1986) Thermal Sensors Based on the Seebeck Effect. Sensors and Actuators, 10, 321-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0250-6874(86)80053-1
[12] Weiling, L. and Shantung, T.U. (2004) Recent Developments of Thermoelectric Power Generation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49, 1212-1219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/04we0037
[13] Barnett, J.D. and Stokes, H.T. (1988) Improved Student Laboratory on the Measurement of Planck’s Constant Using the Photoelectric Effect. American Journal of Physics, 56, 86-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15387
[14] Franklin, A. (2013) Millikan’s Measurement of Planck’s Constant. The European Physical Journal H, 38, 573-594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2013-40021-3
[15] Hackworth, M. (2000) Measuring Planck’s Constant.
http://www2.cose.isu.edu/~hackmart/planck’s.PDF
[16] Haaiday, D., Resnick, R. and Walker, J. (2004) Fundamentals of Physics. 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[17] Ducharme, S. (1999) Measuring Planck’s Constant with LEDs.
http://physics.unl.edu/directory/ducharme/ducharme.html
[18] Boys, D.W., Cox, M.E. and Mykolajenko, W. (1978) Photoelectric Effect Revisited (or An Inexpensive Device to Determine H/E). American Journal of Physics, 46, 133-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.11371
[19] van Herwaarden, A.W. (1984) The Seebeck Effect in Silicon ICs. Sensors and Actuators, 6, 245-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0250-6874(84)85020-9
[20] Bobst, R.L. and Karlow, E.A. (1985) A Direct Potential Measurement in the Photoelectric Effect Experiment. American Journal of Physics, 53, 911-912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14366
[21] Gonzalez, M.C. and Carrol, J.J. (1994) Solar Cells Efficiency Variations with Varying Atmospheric Conditions. Solar Energy, 53, 395-402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(94)90054-X
[22] Borelius, G., Keesom, W.H., Johannson, C.H. and Linde, J.O. (1932) Establishment of an Absolute Scale for the Thermo-Electric Force. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Amsterdam, 35, 10.
[23] Abdelhady, S. (2001) An Entropy-Approach to the Duality Property. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications, 3, 220-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2011.36036
[24] Dimroth, F., Hannappel, S. and Schwarzburg, K. (2014) Wafer Bonded Four-Junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInAsP/GaInAs Concentrator Solar Cells with 44.7% Efficiency. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 22, 277-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.2475
[25] Sagol, B.E., Seidel, U., Szabo, N., Schwarzburg, K. and Hannappel, T. (2007) Basic Concepts and Interfacial Aspects of High-Efficiency III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 61, 775-779.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2007.775
[26] Szabó, N., Sagol, B.E., Seidel, U., Schwarzburg, K. and Hannappel, T. (2008) InGaAsP/InGaAs Tandem Cells for a Solar Cell Configuration with More than Three Junctions. Physica Status Solidi (RRL)—Rapid Research Letters, 2, 254.
[27] Hannappel, T., Visbeck, S., Toben, L. and Willig, F. (2004) Apparatus for Investigating Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Semiconductors with Ultrahigh-Vacuum Based Techniques. Review of Scientific Instruments, 75, 1297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1711148
[28] Burnett, B. (2002) The Basic Physics and Design of III-V Multijunction Solar Cells. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Co.
http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/eretc/books/NRELokok.pdf
[29] Yastrebova, N. (2007) High-Efficiency Multi-Junction Solar Cells: Current Status and Future Potential. University of Ottawa, Ottawa.
http://sunlab.site.uottawa.ca/pdf/whitepapers/HiEfficMjSc-CurrStatus&FuturePotential.pdf
[30] Lansel, S. (2005) Technology and Future of III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cell. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
http://www.stanford.edu/slansel/projects/solar%20report.doc
[31] Hwang, E.H., Rossi, E. and Sarma, S.D. (2009) Theory of Thermopower in Two-Dimensional Graphene. Physical Review B, 80, Article ID: 235415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.235415
[32] Roberts, R.B. (1986) Absolute Scales for Thermoelectricity. Measurement, 4, 101-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2241(86)90016-3
[33] Jou, D. (1988) Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics. Reports on Progress in Physics, 51, 1105-1179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/51/8/002
[34] Abdelhady, S. (2014) Which Is More Rational to a Microscopic Study of Physical Systems: A Quantum Approach or an Entropy Approach. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Physics, Cairo, 27-29 May 2014, 217-227.
[35] Shockley, W. and Queisser, H.J. (1961) Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells. Journal of Applied Physics, 32, 510-519.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1736034

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.