|
[1]
|
Hughes, T.P. (1994) Catastrophes, Phase Shifts and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef. Science, 265, 1547-1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5178.1547
|
|
[2]
|
McClanahan, T.R. and Muthiga, N.A. (1998) An Ecological Shift in a Remote Coral Atoll of Belize over 25 Years. Environmental Conservation, 25, 122-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892998000174
|
|
[3]
|
Gardner, T.A., Coté, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A. and Watkinson, A.R. (2003) Long-Term Region-Wide Declines in Caribbean Corals. Science, 301, 958-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1086050
|
|
[4]
|
Bruckner, A.W. and Hourigan, T.F. (2000) Proactive Management for Conservation of Acropora palmata: Application of the US Endangered Species Act. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 661-665.
|
|
[5]
|
Aronson, R.B. and Precht, W.F. (2001) White-Band Disease and the Changing Face of Caribbean Coral Reefs. Hydrobiologia, 460, 25-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013103928980
|
|
[6]
|
Bruckner, A.W. (2002) Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora Workshop: Potential Application of the US Endangered Species Act as a Conservation Strategy. NOAA Tech. Memorandum NMFS-OPR-24, Silver Spring, 199 p.
|
|
[7]
|
Wapnick, C.M., Precht, W.F. and Aronson, R.B. (2004) Millennial-Scale Dynamics of Staghorn Coral in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Ecology Letters, 7, 354-361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00586.x
|
|
[8]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A. (2000) Effects of Anthropogenic Stress Gradients in the Structure of Coral Reef Epibenthic and Fish Communities. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 330 p.
|
|
[9]
|
Weil, E., Hernández-Delgado, E., Bruckner, A., Ortiz, A., Nemeth, M. and Ruiz, H. (2002) Distribution and Status of Acroporid Coral (Scleractinia) Populations in Puerto Rico. In: Bruckner, A.W., Ed., Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora Workshop: Potential Application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a Conservation Strategy, NOAA Tech. Memorandum NMFS-OPR-24, Silver Spring, 71-98.
|
|
[10]
|
Goreau, T.F. (1959) The Ecology of Jamaican Coral Reefs I. Species Composition and Zonation. Ecology, 40, 67-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1929924
|
|
[11]
|
Milliman, J.D. (1973) Caribbean Coral Reefs. In: Jones, O.A. and Endean, R., Eds., Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. 1: Geology 1, Academic Press, New York, 1-50.
|
|
[12]
|
Geister, J. (1977) The Influence of Wave Exposure on the Ecological Zonation of Caribbean Coral Reefs. Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 23-29.
|
|
[13]
|
Mesolella, K.J. (1967) Zonation of Uplifted Pleistocene Coral Reefs on Barbados, West Indies. Science, 156, 638-640.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3775.638
|
|
[14]
|
Greenstein, B.J., Curran, H.A. and Pandolfi, J.M. (1998) Shifting Ecological Baselines and the Demise of Acropora cervicornis in the Western North Atlantic and Caribbean Province: A Pleistocene Perspective. Coral Reefs, 17, 249-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050125
|
|
[15]
|
Pandolfi, J. (1999) Response of Pleistocene Coral Reefs to Environmental Change over Long Temporal Scales. American Zoologist, 39, 113-130.
|
|
[16]
|
Pandolfi, J. (2002) Coral Community Dynamics at Multiple Scales. Coral Reefs, 21, 13-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-001-0204-7
|
|
[17]
|
Pandolfi, J. and Jackson, J.B.C. (2001) Community Structure of Pleistocene Coral Reefs of Curacao, Netherland Antilles. Ecological Monographs, 71, 49-67.
|
|
[18]
|
Budd, A.F., Petersen, R.A. and McNeill, D.F. (1998) Stepwise Faunal Change during Evolutionary Turnover: A Case Study from the Neogene of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. PALAIOS, 13, 170-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3515488
|
|
[19]
|
Budd, A.F., Stemann, T.A. and Johnson, K.G. (1994) Stratigraphic Distributions of Genera and Species of Neogene to Recent Caribbean Reef Corals. Journal of Paleontology, 68, 951-977.
|
|
[20]
|
Pandolfi, J. and Jackson, J.B.C. (2006) Ecological Persistence Interrupted in Caribbean Coral Reefs. Ecology Letters, 9, 818-826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00933.x
|
|
[21]
|
Greer, L., Jackson, J.E., Curran, H.A., Guilderson, T. and Teneva, L. (2009) How Vulnerable Is Acropora cervicornis to Environmental Change? Lessons from the Early to Middle Holocene. Geology, 37, 263-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G25479A.1
|
|
[22]
|
Williams, D.E. and Miller, M.W. (2005) Coral Disease Outbreak: Pattern, Prevalence and Transmission in Acropora cervicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 301, 119-128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps301119
|
|
[23]
|
Vollmer, S.V. and Kline, D.I. (2008) Natural Disease Resistance in Threatened Staghorn Corals. PLoS ONE, 3, e3718.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003718
|
|
[24]
|
Casas, V., Kline, D.I., Wegley, L., Yu, Y., Breltbart, M. and Rohwer, F. (2004) Widespread Association of a Rickettsiales-Like Bacterium with Reef-Building Corals. Environmental Microbiology, 6, 1137-1148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00647.x
|
|
[25]
|
Kline, D.I. and Vollmer, S.V. (2011) White Band Disease (Type I) of Endangered Caribbean Acroporid Corals Is Caused by Pathogenic Bacteria. Scientific Reports, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep00007
|
|
[26]
|
Stoddart, D.R. (1963) Effects of Hurricane Hattie on the British Honduras Reefs and Cays, October 30-31, 1961. Atoll Research Bulletin, 95, 1-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.95.1
|
|
[27]
|
Stoddart, D.R. (1969) Ecology and Morphology of Recent Coral Reefs. Biological Reviews, 44, 433-498.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1969.tb00609.x
|
|
[28]
|
Stoddart, D.R. (1974) Post-Hurricane Changes on the British Honduras Reefs: Res-Survey of 1972. Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 473-483.
|
|
[29]
|
Ball, M.M., Shinn, E.A. and Stockman, K.W. (1967) The Geologic Effects of Hurricane Donna in South Florida. The Journal of Geology, 75, 583-597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/627283
|
|
[30]
|
Bonkosky, M., Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Sandoz, B., Robledo, I.E., Norat-Ramírez, J. and Mattei, H. (2009) Detection of Spatial Fluctuations of Non-Point Source Fecal Pollution in Coral Reef Surrounding Waters in Southwestern Puerto Rico Using PCR-Based Assays. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 45-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.008
|
|
[31]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Sandoz, B., Bonkosky, M., Mattei, H. and Norat, J. (2008) Impacts of Non-Point Source Sewage Pollution in Elkhorn Coral, Acropora palmata (Lamarck), Assemblages of the Southwestern Puerto Rico Shelf. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reefs Symposium, Fort Lauderdale, 7-11 July 2008, 747-751.
|
|
[32]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Hutchinson-Delgado, Y.M., Laureano, R., Hernández-Pacheco, R., Ruiz-Maldonado, T.M., Oms, J. and Díaz, P.L. (2011) Sediment Stress, Water Turbidity and Sewage Impacts on Threatened Elkhorn Coral (Acropora palmata) Stands at Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 63, 83-92.
|
|
[33]
|
Díaz-Ortega, G. and Hernández-Delgado, E.A. (2014) Land-Based Source Pollution in a Climate of Change: A Roadblock to the Conservation and Recovery of Elkhorn Coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816). Natural Resources, 5, 561-581. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.510050
|
|
[34]
|
Renegar, D.A. and Riegl, B.M. (2005) Effect of Nutrient Enrichment and Elevated CO2 Partial Pressure on Growth Rate of Atlantic Scleractinian Coral Acropora cervicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 293, 69-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps293069
|
|
[35]
|
Gilmore, M.D. and Hall, B.R. (1976) Life History, Growth Habits and Constructional Roles of Acropora cervicornis in the Patch Reef Environment. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 46, 519-522.
|
|
[36]
|
Shinn, E. (1976) Coral Reef Recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf. Environmental Geology, 1, 241-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407510
|
|
[37]
|
Tunnicliffe, V. (1981) Breakage and Propagation of the Stony Coral Acropora cervicornis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78, 2427-2431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.4.2427
|
|
[38]
|
Highsmith, R.C. (1982) Reproduction by Fragmentation in Corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 7, 207-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps007207
|
|
[39]
|
García-Reyes, J. and Schizas, N.V. (2010) No Two Reefs Are Created Equal: Fine-Scale Population Structure in the Threatened Coral Species Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis. Aquatic Biology, 10, 69-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00254
|
|
[40]
|
Rogers, C.S., Fitz III, H.C., Gilnack, M., Beets, J. and Hardin, J. (1984) Scleractinian Coral Recruitment Patterns at Salt River Submarine Canyon, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs, 3, 69-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263756
|
|
[41]
|
Irizarry-Soto, E. and Weil, E. (2009) Spatial and Temporal Variability in Juvenile Coral Densities, Survivorship and Recruitment in La Parguera, Southwestern Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science, 45, 269-281.
|
|
[42]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., González-Ramos, C.M. and Alejandro-Camis, P.J. (2014) Large-Scale Coral Recruitment Patterns in Mona Island, Puerto Rico: Evidence of Shifting Coral Community Trajectory after Massive Bleaching and Mortality. Revista de Biología Tropical, 62, 49-64.
|
|
[43]
|
Mumby, P.J. (1999) Bleaching and Hurricane Disturbances to Populations of Coral Recruits in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 190, 27-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps190027
|
|
[44]
|
Guzmán, H.M. (1991) Restoration of Coral Reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. Conservation Biology, 5, 189-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00123.x
|
|
[45]
|
Bowden-Kerby, A. (1997) Coral Transplantation in Sheltered Habitats Using Unattached Fragments and Cultured Colonies. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 2063-2068.
|
|
[46]
|
Bowden-Kerby, A. (2010) Restoration of Threatened Acropora cervicornis Corals: Intraspecific Variation as a Factor in Mortality, Growth and Self-Attachment. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Session No. 24, 1-5.
|
|
[47]
|
Fox, H.E., Pet, J.S., Dahuri, R. and Caldwell, R.L. (2000) Coral Reef Restoration after Blast Fishing in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 969-975.
|
|
[48]
|
Fox, H.E., Mous, P.J., Pet, J.S., Muljadi, A.H. and Caldwell, R.L. (2006) Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. Conservation Biology, 19, 98-107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00261.x
|
|
[49]
|
Jaap, W.C. (2000) Coral Reef Restoration. Ecological Engineering, 15, 345-364.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00085-9
|
|
[50]
|
Precht, W.F. and Robbart, M. (2006) Coral Reef Restoration: The Rehabilitation of an Ecosystem under Siege. In: Precht, W.F., Ed., Coral Reef Restoration Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420003796.ch1
|
|
[51]
|
Shaish, L., Levy, G., Katzir, G. and Rinkevich, B. (2010) Employing a Highly Fragmented, Weedy Coral Species in Reef Restoration. Ecological Engineering, 36, 1424-1432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.06.022
|
|
[52]
|
Bongiorni, L., Giovanelli, D., Rinkevich, B., Pusceddu, A., Chou, L.M. and Danovaro, R. (2011) First Step in the Restoration of a Highly Degraded Coral Reef (Singapore) by in Situ Coral Intensive Farming. Aquaculture, 322-323, 191-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.024
|
|
[53]
|
Rinkevich, B. (2014) Rebuilding Coral Reefs: Does Active Reef Restoration Lead to Sustainable Reefs? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 7, 28-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.018
|
|
[54]
|
Young, C.N., Shopmeyer, S.A. and Lirman, D. (2012) A Review of Reef Restoration and Coral Propagation Using the Threatened Genus Acropora in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88, 1075-1098.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1143
|
|
[55]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A. and Suleimán-Ramos, S.E. (2014) E.S.A. Coral Species Listing: A Roadblock to Community-Based Engagement in Coral Reef Conservation and Rehabilitation across the US Caribbean? Reef Encounter, 29, 11-15.
|
|
[56]
|
Griffin, S., Spathias, H., Moore, T.D., Baums, I. and Griffin, B.A. (2012) Scaling up Acropora Nurseries in the Caribbean and Improving Techniques. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 20A Restoration of Coral Reefs, 1-5.
|
|
[57]
|
Hollarsmith, J.A., Griffin, S.P. and Moore, T.D. (2012) Success of Out-Planted Acropora cervicornis Colonies in Reef Restoration. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 20A Restoration of Coral Reefs, 1-5.
|
|
[58]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Suleimán, S. and Olivo, I. (2008) Low-Tech Ecological Rehabilitation of Bombarded Coral Reefs. Technical Report Submitted to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal Program, Boquerón, 29 September 2008, 42 p.
|
|
[59]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Suleimán, S., Olivo, I., Fonseca, J. and Lucking, M.A. (2011) Alternativas de Baja Tecnología para la Rehabilitación de los Arrecifes de Coral. In: Seguinot-Barbosa, J., Ed., Islas en Extinción: Impactos Ambientales en las Islas de Puerto Rico, Ediciones SM, Catano, 178-186.
|
|
[60]
|
Mumby, P.J. and Steneck, R.S. (2008) Coral Reef Management and Conservation in Light of Rapidly Evolving Ecological Paradigms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23, 555-563.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.011
|
|
[61]
|
Hughes, T.P., Linares, C., Dakos, V., van de Leemput, I.A. and van Nes, E.H. (2013) Living Dangerously on Borrowed Time during Slow, Unrecognized Regime Shifts. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28, 149-155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.022
|
|
[62]
|
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999) Climate Change, Coral Bleaching and the Future of the World’s Coral Reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50, 839-866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF99078
|
|
[63]
|
Edmunds, P.J. (2013) Decadal-Scale Changes in the Community Structure of Coral Reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 489, 107-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10424
|
|
[64]
|
Hernández-Pacheco, R., Hernández-Delgado, E.A. and Sabat, A.M. (2011) Demographics of Bleaching in the Caribbean Reef-Building Coral Montastraea annularis. Ecosphere, 2, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES10-00065.1
|
|
[65]
|
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P.J., Hooten, A.J., Steneck, R.S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C.D., Sale, P.F., Edwards, A.J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C.M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R.H., Dubi, A. and Hatziolos, M.E. (2007) Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science, 318, 1737-1742.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1152509
|
|
[66]
|
Veron, J.E.N., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lenton, T.M., Lough, J.M., Obura, D.O., Pearce-Kelly, P., Sheppard, C.R.C., Spalding, M., Stafford-Smith, M.G. and Rogers, A.D. (2009) The Coral Reef Crisis: The Critical Importance of <350 ppm CO2. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 1428-1436.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.009
|
|
[67]
|
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bruno, J.F. (2010) The Impact of Climate Change on the World’s Marine Ecosystems. Science, 328, 1523-1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930
|
|
[68]
|
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2011) Coral Reef Ecosystems and Anthropogenic Climate Change. Regional Environmental Change, 11, 215-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0189-2
|
|
[69]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., Guerrero, C., Lucking, M.A., Laureano, R., Méndez-Lázaro, P.A. and Meléndez-Díaz, J.O. (2012) Long-Term Impacts of Tourism and Urban Development in Tropical Coastal Habitats in a Changing Climate: Lessons Learned from Puerto Rico. In: Kasimoglu, M., Ed., Visions from Global Tourism Industry-Creating and Sustaining Competitive Strategies, InTech Publications, 357-398.
http://www.intechopen.com/books/visions-for-global-tourism-industry-creating-and-sustaining-competitive-strategies/long-term-impacts-of-non-sustainable-tourism-and-urban-development-in-tropical-coastal-habitats-in-a
|
|
[70]
|
Wilson, S.K., Graham, N.A., Fisher, R., Robinson, J., Nash, K., Chong-Seng, K., Polunin, N.V.C., Aumeeruddy, R. and Quatre, R. (2012) Effect of Macroalgal Expansion and Marine Protected Areas on Coral Recovery Following a Climatic Disturbance. Conservation Biology, 26, 995-1004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01926.x
|
|
[71]
|
Coelho, V.R. and Manfrino, C. (2007) Coral Community Decline at a Remote Caribbean Island: Marine No-Take Reserves Are Not Enough. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17, 666-685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.822
|
|
[72]
|
Baums, I.B., Hugues, C.R. and Hellberg, R.E. (2005) Mendelian Microsatellite Loci for the Caribbean Coral Acropora palmata. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 288, 115-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps288115
|
|
[73]
|
Baums, I.B., Miller, M.W. and Hellberg, R.E. (2005) Regionally Isolated Populations of an Imperiled Caribbean Coral, Acropora palmata. Molecular Ecology, 14, 1377-1390.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02489.x
|
|
[74]
|
Baums, I.B., Miller, M.W. and Hellberg, R.E. (2006) Geographic Variation in Clonal Structure in a Reef Building Caribbean Coral, Acropora palmata. Ecological Monographs, 76, 503-519.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0503:GVICSI]2.0.CO;2
|
|
[75]
|
Baums, I.B., Paris, C.B. and Chérubin, L.M. (2006) A Bio-Oceanographic Filter to Larval Dispersal in a Reef-Building Coral. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 1969-1981.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.1969
|
|
[76]
|
Peakall, R.O.D. and Smouse, P.E. (2006) GENALEX 6: Genetic Analysis in Excel. Population Genetic Software for Teaching and Research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 288-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
|
|
[77]
|
Clarke, K.R. and Warwick, R.M. (2001) Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation. 2nd Edition, PRIMER-E, Ltd., Plymouth.
|
|
[78]
|
Anderson, M.J., Gorley, R.N. and Clarke, K.R. (2008) PERMANOVA + for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. PRIMER-E, Plymouth.
|
|
[79]
|
Delissio, L. (2008) Analysis of Rainfall Data from the Island of Culebra, Puerto Rico over a Period Spanning 1907-2007 in Light of Climate Change Predictions. A Report for US Fish & Wildlife Service, Boquerón, 1-4.
|
|
[80]
|
Mège, P., Schizas, N.V., García-Reyes, J. and Hrbek, T. (2014) Genetic Seascape of the Threatened Caribbean Elkhorn Coral, Acropora palmate, on the Puerto Rico Shelf. Marine Ecology, 2014, 1-15.
|
|
[81]
|
Palumbi, S.R. (2003) Population Genetics, Demographic Connectivity and the Design of Marine Reserves. Ecological Applications, 13, S146-S158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0146:PGDCAT]2.0.CO;2
|
|
[82]
|
Vollmer, S.V. and Palumbi, S.R. (2004) Testing the Utility of Internally Transcribed Spacer Sequences in Coral Phylogenetics. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2763-2772.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02265.x
|
|
[83]
|
Van Oppen, M.J.H. and Gates, R.D. (2006) Conservation Genetics and the Resilience of Reef-Building Corals. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3863-3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03026.x
|
|
[84]
|
Vollmer, S.V. and Palumbi, S.R. (2007) Restricted Gene Flow in the Caribbean Staghorn Coral Acropora cervicornis: Implications for the Recovery of Endangered Reefs. Journal of Heredity, 98, 40-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl057
|
|
[85]
|
Hemond, E.M. and Vollmer, S.V. (2010) Genetic Diversity and Connectivity in the Threatened Staghorn Coral (Acropora cervicornis) in Florida. PloS ONE, 5, e8652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008652
|
|
[86]
|
Palumbi, S.R., Vollmer, S., Romano, S., Oliver, T. and Ladner, J. (2012) The Role of Genes in Understanding the Evolutionary Ecology of Reef Building Corals. Evolutionary Ecology, 26, 317-335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-011-9517-3
|
|
[87]
|
Meehl, G.A., Zwiers, F., Evans, J., Knutson, T., Mearns, L. and Whetton, P. (2000) Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Issues Related to Modeling Extremes in Projections of Future Climate Change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 427-436.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0427:TIEWAC>2.3.CO;2
|
|
[88]
|
Frich, P., Alexander, L.V., Della-Marta, P., Gleason, B., Haylock, M., Klein-Tank, A.M. and Peterson, T. (2002) Observed Coherent Changes in Climatic Extremes during the Second Half of the Twentieth Century. Climate Research, 19, 193-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr019193
|
|
[89]
|
Peterson, T.C., Taylor, M.A., Demeritte, R., Duncombe, D.L., Burton, S., Thompson, F., Porter, A., Mercedes, M., Villegas, E., Semexant-Fils, R., Klein-Tank, A., Martis, A., Warner, R., Joyette, A., Mills, W., Alexander, L. and Gleason, B. (2002) Recent Changes in Climate Extremes in the Caribbean Region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, ACL 16-1-ACL 16-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002251
|
|
[90]
|
Giannini, A., Kushnir, Y. and Cane, M.A. (2000) Interannual Variability of Caribbean Rainfall, ENSO and the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Climate, 13, 297-311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0297:IVOCRE>2.0.CO;2
|
|
[91]
|
Enfield, D.B. and Mayer, D.A. (1997) Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Variability and Its Relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978-2012), 102, 929-945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JC03296
|
|
[92]
|
Emanuel, K. (2005) Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30 Years. Nature, 436, 686-688.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03906
|
|
[93]
|
Elsner, J.B. (2006) Evidence in Support of the Climate Change—Atlantic Hurricane Hypothesis. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, Article ID: L16705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026869
|
|
[94]
|
Mann, M.E. and Emanuel, K.A. (2006) Atlantic Hurricane Trends Linked to Climate Change. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 87, 233-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006EO240001
|
|
[95]
|
Easterling, D.R., Evans, J.L., Groisman, P.Y., Karl, T.R., Kunkel, K.E. and Ambenje, P. (2000) Observed Variability and Trends in Extreme Climate Events: A Brief Review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 417-425.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0417:OVATIE>2.3.CO;2
|
|
[96]
|
Eakin, C.M., Morgan, J.A., Smith, T.B., Liu, G., Alvarez-Filip, L., Baca, B., Bouchon, C., Brandt, M., Bruckner, A., Cameron, A., Carr, L., Chiappone, M., James, M., Crabbe, C., Day, O., de la Guardia-Llanso, E., DiResta, D., Gilliam, D., Ginsburg, R., Gore, S., Guzmán, H., Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Husain, E., Jeffrey, C., Jones, R., Jordán-Dahlgren, E., Kramer, P., Lang, J., Lirman, D., Mallela, J., Manfrino, C., Maréchal, J.P., Mihaly, J., Miller, J., Mueller, E., Muller, E., Noordeloos, M., Oxenford, H., Ponce-Taylor, D., Quinn, N., Ritchie, K., Rodríguez, S., Rodríguez-Ramírez, A., Romano, S., Samhouri, J., Schmahl, G., Steiner, S., Taylor, M., Walsh, S., Weil, E. and Williams, E. (2010) Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching and Mortality in 2005. PLoS ONE, 5, e13969.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013969
|
|
[97]
|
Easterling, D.R., Meehl, G.A., Parmesan, C., Changnon, S.A., Karl, T.R. and Mearns, L.O. (2000) Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling and Impacts. Science, 289, 2068-2074.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2068
|
|
[98]
|
Worrall, F., Reed, M., Warburton, J. and Burt, T. (2003) Carbon Budget for a British Upland Peat Catchment. Science of the Total Environment, 312, 133-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00226-2
|
|
[99]
|
Johnson, M.S., Lehmann, J., Couto, E.G., Filho, J.P.N. and Riha, S.J. (2006) DOC and DIC in Flowpaths of Amazonian Headwater Catchments with Hydrologically Contrasting Soils. Biogeochemistry, 81, 45-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-006-9029-3
|
|
[100]
|
Liu, Z., Dreybrodt, W. and Wang, H. (2010) A New Direction in Effective Accounting for the Atmospheric CO2 Budget: Considering the Combined Action of Carbonate Dissolution, the Global Water Cycle and Photosynthetic Uptake of DIC by Aquatic Organisms. Earth-Science Reviews, 99, 162-172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.03.001
|
|
[101]
|
Cai, W.J., Hu, X., Huang, W.J., Murrell, M.C., Lehrter, J.C., Lohrenz, S.E., Chou, W.C., Zhai, W., Hollibaugh, J.T., Wang, Y., Zhao, P., Guo, X., Gundersen, K., Dai, M. and Gong, G.C. (2011) Acidification of Subsurface Coastal Waters Enhanced by Eutrophication. Nature Geoscience, 4, 766-770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297
|
|
[102]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A. Medina, J., Ortiz, V., Mas, M., Marrero, P.A., Mattei, H. and Norat-Ramírez, J. (2009) Biological Characterization of Shallow-Water Coral Reef Communities across a Water Quality Gradient within the Luis Pena Channel Natural Reserve, Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Final Technical Report, Department of Environmental Health, Public Health Graduate School, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus and Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, San Juan, 77 p.
|
|
[103]
|
Govender, Y., Cuevas, E., Sternberg, L.D.S. and Jury, M.R. (2013) Temporal Variation in Stable Isotopic Composition of Rainfall and Groundwater in a Tropical Dry Forest in the Northeastern Caribbean. Earth Interactions, 17, 1-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2013EI000534.1
|
|
[104]
|
Zanchetta, G., Drysdale, R.N., Hellstrom, J.C., Fallick, A.E., Isola, I., Gagan, M.K. and Pareschi, M.T. (2007) Enhanced Rainfall in the Western Mediterranean during Deposition of Sapropel S1: Stalagmite Evidence from Corchia Cave (Central Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 279-286.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.12.003
|
|
[105]
|
Nowlis, J.S., Roberts, C.M., Smith, A.H. and Siirila, E. (1997) Human-Enhanced Impacts of a Tropical Storm on Nearshore Coral Reefs. AMBIO, 26, 515-521.
|
|
[106]
|
Kaczmarsky, L.T., Draud, M. and Williams, E.H. (2005) Is There a Relationship between Proximity to Sewage Effluent and the Prevalence of Coral Disease. Caribbean Journal Science, 41, 124-137.
|
|
[107]
|
Voss, J.D. and Richardson, L.L. (2006) Nutrient Enrichment Enhances Black Band Disease Progression in Corals. Coral Reefs, 25, 569-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-006-0131-8
|
|
[108]
|
Quinn, N.J. and Kojis, B.L. (2006) Evaluating the Potential of Natural Reproduction and Artificial Techniques to Increase Acropora cervicornis Populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54, 105-116.
|
|
[109]
|
Herlan, J. and Lirman, D. (2010) Development of a Coral Nursery Program for the Threatened Coral Acropora cervicornis in Florida. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Session No. 24, 1244-1247.
|
|
[110]
|
Lirman, D., Thyberg, T., Herlan, J., Hill, C., Young-Lahiff, C., Schopmeyer, S., Huntington, B., Santos, R. and Drury, C. (2010) Propagation of the Threatened Staghorn Coral Acropora cervicornis: Methods to Minimize the Impacts of Fragment Collection and Maximize Production. Coral Reefs, 29, 729-735.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0621-6
|
|
[111]
|
Gladfelter, E.H., Monahan, R.K. and Gladfelter, W.B. (1978) Growth Rates of Five Reef-Building Corals in the Northeastern Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28, 728-734.
|
|
[112]
|
Gladfelter, E.H. (1984) Skeletal Development in Acropora cervicornis. III. A Comparison of Monthly Rates of Linear Extension and Calcium Carbonate Accretion Measured over a Year. Coral Reefs, 3, 51-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306140
|
|
[113]
|
Vaughan, T.W. (1915) The Geological Significance of the Growth-Rate of the Floridian and Bahaman Shoal-Water Corals. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 5, 591-600.
|
|
[114]
|
Shinn, E.A. (1966) Coral Growth-Rate, an Environmental Indicator. Journal of Paleontology, 40, 233-240.
|
|
[115]
|
Glynn, P.W. (1973) Aspects of the Ecology of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic Region. In: Jones, O.A. and Endean, R., Eds., Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. 2: Biology 1, Academic Press, New York, 271-324.
|
|
[116]
|
Lewis, J.B., Axelsen, F., Goodbody, I., Page, C. and Chislett, G. (1968) Comparative Growth Rates of Some Reef Corals in the Caribbean (No. MS-10). McGill University, Montreal, Marine Sciences Centre.
|
|
[117]
|
Tunnicliffe, V. (1983) Caribbean Staghorn Coral Populations: Pre-Hurricane Allen Conditions in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 33, 132-151.
|
|
[118]
|
García-Uruena, R.P. (2004) Dinámica de Crecimiento de Tres Especies de Coral en Relación a las Propiedades Opticas del Agua. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, 139 p.
|
|
[119]
|
Bowden-Kerby, A. (2001) Low-Tech Coral Reef Restoration Methods Modeled after Natural Fragmentation Processes. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 915-931.
|
|
[120]
|
Wooldridge, S.A. (2014) Assessing Coral Health and Resilience in a Warming Ocean: Why Looks Can Be Deceptive. Bioessays, 36, 1-9.
|
|
[121]
|
Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Rosado-Matías, B.J. and Sabat, A.M. (2006) Management Failures and Coral Decline Threaten Fish Functional Groups Recovery Patterns in the Luis Pena Channel No-Take Natural Reserve, Culebra Island, PR. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 57, 577-605.
|
|
[122]
|
Roberts, C.M. (1995) Rapid Build-Up of Fish Biomass in a Caribbean Marine Reserve. Conservation Biology, 9, 815-826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040815.x
|
|
[123]
|
Aronson, R.B. and Precht, W.F. (2006) Conservation, Precaution and Caribbean Reefs. Coral Reefs, 25, 441-450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-006-0122-9
|
|
[124]
|
Mumby, P.J. and Hastings, A. (2008) The Impact of Ecosystem Connectivity on Coral Reef Resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 854-862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01459.x
|
|
[125]
|
Mumby, P.J. and Harborne, A.R. (2010) Marine Reserves Enhance the Recovery of Corals on Caribbean Reefs. PLoS ONE, 5, e8657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008657
|
|
[126]
|
Roff, G. and Mumby, P.J. (2012) Global Disparity in the Resilience of Coral Reefs. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27, 404-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.007
|
|
[127]
|
Bellwood, D.R., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C. and Nystrom, M. (2004) Confronting the Coral Reef Crisis. Nature, 429, 827-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02691
|
|
[128]
|
Miller, J., Muller, E., Rogers, C., Waara, R., Atkinson, A., Whelan, K.R.T., Patterson, M. and Witcher, B. (2009) Coral Disease Following Massive Bleaching in 2005 Causes 60% Decline in Coral Cover on Reefs in the US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs, 28, 925-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0531-7
|
|
[129]
|
Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D.R., Card, M., Connolly, S.R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J.B.C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J.M., Marshall, P., Nystr?m, M., Palumbi, S.R., Pandolfi, J.M., Rosen, B. and Roughgarden, J. (2003) Climate Change, Human Impacts and the Resilience of Coral Reefs. Science, 301, 929-933.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085046
|
|
[130]
|
Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., Amador, J.M. and Hernández-Delgado, E.A. (2012) An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach for Coral Reef Protection—A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean. In: Cruzado, A., Ed., Marine Ecosystems, InTech Publications, 127-160.
http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/an-interdisciplinary-erosion-mitigation-approach-for-coral-reef-protection-a-case-study-from-the-eas
|
|
[131]
|
Sturm, P., Viqueira-Ríos, R., Meyer-Comas, L., Hernández-Delgado, E.A., González-Ramos, C., Monta?ez-Acu?a, A. and Ota?o-Cruz, A. (2014) Culebra Community Watershed Action Plan for Water Quality and Coral Reefs. Technical Report Submitted to NOAA, Silver Spring, 76 p.
|
|
[132]
|
Hughes, T.P., Bellwood, D.R., Folke, C., Steneck, R.S. and Wilson, J. (2005) New Paradigms for Supporting the Resilience of Marine Ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 380-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.022
|
|
[133]
|
Bowden-Kerby, A. and Carne, L. (2012) Thermal Tolerance as a Factor in Caribbean Acropora Restoration. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1-5.
|
|
[134]
|
Dixson, D.L., Abrego, D. and Hay, M.E. (2014) Chemically Mediated Behavior of Recruiting Corals and Fishes: A Tipping Point that May Limit Reef Recovery. Science, 345, 892-897.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1255057
|
|
[135]
|
Pandolfi, J.M., Jackson, J.B.C., Baron, N., Bradbury, R.H., Guzman, H.M., Hughes, T.P., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., Ogden, J.C., Possingham, H.P. and Sala, E. (2005) Are US Coral Reefs on the Slippery Slope to Slime? Science, 307, 1725-1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104258
|