Antibiotic Resistance in Blood Culture Samples from Patients Referred to Razi Laboratory of Rasht, 2006-2011 ()
1. Introduction
Antibiotic therapy is the use of chemical agents against micro organisms that affect on death or inhibition of their growth [1] . Antibiotics are used for more than fifty years to treat infections quickly and effectively and till now, many changes in the types of consumable antibiotics, sensitive and bacteria resistance are happening. It could be due to some reasons, including long-term use of antibiotics [2] the rise of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, empirical use of antibiotics by patients over the counter (access to the antibiotics without a prescription) [3] or indiscriminate prescribing of antibiotics by doctors which leads to the selection of inappropriate or unnecessary antibiotics. Increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, in addition to treatment failure, imposes an economic burden to patients [4] . Loss of appropriate treatment and rapid diagnosis in blood disorders such as sepsis and bacteremia, will cause high mortality and morbidity. Blood culture reports positive in 30%-60% of cases in which gram-negative bacteria, gram positive and fungi are respectively the most common causes. In these cases it must be made at least two blood cultures. However, because of the urgency in blood disorders and requirement to immediate action, should not be kept waiting for an answer and culture and the empiric treatment should immediately begin [5] [6] . Bacteremia and dissemination to different parts of the microorganisms can cause organ dysfunction and patient mortality [7] [8] . Annually worldwide, about 200,000 cases of bacteremia occur, and about 20 and 50 percent of them lead to death [9] [10] . Due to the growing trend of increased number of bacteria resistant to treatment, because of lack of knowledge about the side effects of unnecessary use of antibiotics, the need for study of bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in any clinical laboratory antibiogram test, regularly, seems to be required [11] . According to Razi laboratory of Rasht city, which is one of the accredited laboratories and reference, this study was performed to epidemiological changes in the abundance of microorganisms and their antibiogram sensitivity changes in blood cultures during 2006 to 2011. Awareness of the resistance and sensitivity in identifying and using appropriate empiric therapy can be effective.
2. Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective study which performed by using data recorded in the computer and register system of Razi laboratory on blood culture.
In the sample of patients who had blood culture, blood culture bottles were sent to the laboratory and it was kept for 7 weeks in 37 degree in incubator and usually three blood cultures is taken from each patient. Of course sometimes we had avail or two of blood culture vials. Maintained during after the first 24 hours, a sub-culture sample was done on Mackanky and blood agar settings and after negative culture result, second sub-culture sample was taken after 72 hours of arrival and again after negative result of cultures after 10 days, final subculture has done. In each of the above steps, the result of positive cultures were obtained from colonies then diagnostic and biochemical tests were taken, finally the type of bacteria determined.
In this study, all the samples that were sent for blood culture. All positive blood cultures in the laboratory were examined and all it took antibiotic disc method agar diffusion method of Kirby & Bauer. First, a suspension of isolated colonies standard McFarland preparation and a sterile swab along the flame from bacterial suspensions and withdrawals and the level of Muller Hinton culture medium agar culture dense was done on the surface of plate then antibiotic discs with sterile forceps, placed on the plates. After 24 h incubation at 37˚C, the formation or non-formation of growth zone investigated based on the results of a standard table which is classified in three forms: susceptible, resistant or intermediate. Antibiotics used in this study consisted of: Amikacin, Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin, Cephalothin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Cefoxitin, Sulfamethoxazole–Trimethoprim, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Nalidixic acid, Oxacillin, Penicillin, Rifampin, Tetracycline, Tobramycin, Vancomycin, Imipenem, Cefotaxime, Clindamycin, Cefixime, Ofloxacin, Piperacillin, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefepime, Ticarcillin, Ceftriaxone, Streptomycin, Azithromycin, Norfloxacin.
3. Results
The entire sample was sent for blood culture (466 samples) 43 of them were positive (22.9%), and one sample was contaminated. 44.8% of Positive cases were male and 55.2% of positive cases, were female. The frequency of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of patients are shown in Table1
The prevalence of bacteria isolated from blood cultures taken were: coagulase-negative staphylococci, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pneumococci, enterococci, P. aeruginosa, Shigella, Acinetobacter. Three major groups of blood cultures consisted of coagulase negative staphylococci (46.5%), entericgram-negative bacteria (25.6%) and gram-negative bacilli Non-fermentative (11.6%). These groups included a total of 83.7% of positive cases. Significant relationship between gender and the prevalence of bacteria was found (P = 0.001) so that the amount was more common in females. The most common antibiotics used in the total samples are shown in Table2
As considered in the table, three commonly used antibiotics areciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and tetracycline. The test results antibiotic resistance determination to common bacteria in blood cultures is shown in Table3
The results of this study showed that 20 antibiotics used to front the highest strength among the groups was reported: 60.2% of the total resistance to antibiotics in group 3, 43.16% of the total resistance to antibiotics in Group 1 and 39.25% of total antibiotic resistance was observed in Group 2.
Sensitivity and resistance to used antibiotics are shown in Table4 As it is seen in the table, most sensitive antibiotics are in order of: Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin. Most resistance is also related to: Cefixime, Amoxicillin and Cefoxitin.
4. Discussion & Conclusion
Because of increasing deaths of diseases associated with blood culture, such as bacteremia, septicemia and so on and increasing antibiotic resistance, doing this research in this area is essential. So the results of blood cultures in suspected patients have an important role demographically. In the study, we take Razi laboratory as a reference laboratory Rasht is contrary to other studies, in all cases with positive blood culture contamination was detected in all cases except for one case, all positive samples infected respectively [12] ).
Common bacteria in this study were similar to those in other studies. In Momeishi and colleagues’ study 2005, the most common bacteria in blood cultures, respectively, were: coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [13] . In the present study, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus coagulase positive, respectively, the most common microorganisms in blood cultures were positive. Sedighian and colleagues in a study that was conducted in 2009 in Babol the most common microorganisms in 115 blood culture-positive samples, include: Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (25.6%), E. coli (4.7%), Pseudomonas (1.5%) and Klebsiella (1.5%) [11] .
Table 1. Frequency of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of patients.
Table 2. Frequency of antibiotics used in antibiogram of blood culture samples taken.
Yousefi Mashou fetal study in 1999 showed that the most common organisms isolated from blood samples taken among 104 blood cultures positive were Pseudomonas (26.9%), Klebsiella (25%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.4%), E. coli (13.5%), Staphylococcus epidermid is (7.7%), respectively [14] . The study took place in America in 2002 by Huang and colleagues were the most common bacteria isolated from blood cultures consisted of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (42%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (8.3%), E. coli (7.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.6%) [15] . Mahtaet al study in 2005 showed the prevalence of bacteria in blood cultures were as follows: Pseudomonas (19.75%), E. coli (15.17%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.99%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.86%) and Salmonella (12.87%) [16] . In another study, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter and Klebsiella had have among the first to fifth place [17] . In another study, the most common organisms isolated from blood cultures were of Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa [18] . Regarding to these results, although type of bacteria in positive specimens are in the same groups, the percentage and arrangement of them are different.
Arrangement of antibiotic susceptibility of common bacteria in the blood culture is different in several studies. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance in bacteria in the present study represents the largest Cefixime antibiotic resistance (90%), Amoxicillin (86.7%), Cefoxitin (85.7%), Cefuroxime (85.7%) and penicillin (78.3%) was. In a study, maximum resistance to bacteria was of 75% and 100% toward Ampicillin and Tetracycline, respectively [11] . In another study, maximum resistance was reported to Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Cefetriaxone, Ceftazidime, respectively: 100, 100, 100 and 80 percent [19] . In this investigation the most resistant to coagulase negative staphylococci was seen in Cefixime, Impipenem, Cefteriaxone and Oxacillin (100%) which is similar to other studies. However in our study number of resistant antibiotic groups to coagulase negative staphylococci was more than other studies. Resistance to this group in Penicillin and Oxacillin has been reported in various studies
Table 3 . Antibiotic resistance in common bacterial groups in blood cultures performed.
1-coagulase negative staphylococci.2-Enteric gram-negative bacteria 3. Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli.
Table 4. Sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics.
[11] [20] -[22] . It seems that the use of antibiotics in our study resulted in a lack of proper comparison with other studies in the family of bacteria. There was the greatest resistance to Amoxicillin, Cefuroxime and Amikacin and E. coli. In another study, the greatest resistance to E. coli than Sulfamethoxazole-Ttrimethoprim (28%) and ciprofloxacin (3%) had developed and there was no resistance to the Fluoroquinolones [23] . In another study, eftazidime, Gentamicin and Cotrimoxazole were most resistant to antibiotics than E. coli [24] . Klebsiella had 100% resistance rather than antibiotics Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Ceftriaxone, Tikarcillin, Amoxicillin and Cefuroxime. While in other studies the most resistance was to Ceftizoxim and Gentamicin against Klebsiella [24] . In another study, the greatest resistance to bacteria was referred to Ampicillin and Tetracycline [11] . Also Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 100% resistance to Tetracycline, Penicillin, Imipenem, Azithromycin, Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin and Chloramphenicol. While in other studies it has had the most resistant to Gentamicin, Ceftazidime and Ceftizoxim [24] . In another study, most antibiotic-resistant to these bacteria was related to Ampicillin and Tetracycline [11] . In another study, this resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Imipenem was found [23] . These results are similar to the present study.
Despite similarities in the resistance pattern compared to other studies, in this study of Rasht, the pattern is special and unique model and based on the requirement of Guilan province’s health. Considering the point that the experimental treatment and sometimes in appropriate antibiotics, also use of inappropriate doses are in effective types of bacteria becoming resistant to the antibiotics, even of new are effective. It is necessary to pay more attention to the results of the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from blood cultures. Also it is necessary to prevent over the counter shopping of antibiotics in pharmacy to people in regarding to pull up antibiotic resistance. Considering that the present study was a retrospective study and variables were not considered by authority of researchers. It is necessary to do large and continuous prospective study in Guilan province and optimized informing through labs, especially reference labs to doctors and hospitals should be exposed to all these phenomena with more knowledge to confront to consider these issues in their empiric treatments. Also it is recommended to use resistance pattern and susceptibility from the same patterns in reference laboratory to be more comprehensive. Also registration system and similar network of provincial between all of laboratories including public and private under the province deputy of hygienic can better inform all doctors to facilitate and it has been a remarkable help at similar information.
Acknowledgements
At the end we thanks from Razi laboratory management in Rasht city, all laboratory colleagues, especially Mr Doctor Mesbah who helped us in this research.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.