An Asymptotic Distribution Function of the Three-Dimensional Shifted van der Corput Sequence

Abstract

In this paper, we apply the Weyl's limit relation to calculate the limit where γq (n) is the van der Corput sequence in base q, g (x, y, z), is the asymptotic distribution function of (γq (n), γq (n +1), γq (n + 2)), and F (x, y, z) = max (x, y, z), min (x, y, z), and xyz, respectively.

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Fialová, J. , Mišk, L. and Strauch, O. (2014) An Asymptotic Distribution Function of the Three-Dimensional Shifted van der Corput Sequence. Applied Mathematics, 5, 2334-2359. doi: 10.4236/am.2014.515227.

1. Introduction

In this paper we apply the Weyl’s limit relation [1] (p. 1-61)

(1.1)

to the sequence, where is the van der Corput sequence in base and is the asymptotic distribution function (abbreviated a.d.f.) of and. The van der Corput sequence in base is defined as follows: Let be the -adic expression of a positive integer. Then

(1.2)

It is well-known that this sequence is uniformly distributed (abbreviated u.d.), see [1] (2.11, p. 2-102), [2] (Theorem 3.5, p. 127), [3] (p. 41).

For a motivation for the study of the distribution function (abbreviated d.f.) of

, is a result of Pillichshammer and Steinerberger in [4] which states that

(1.3)

while in J. Fialová and O. Strauch [5] the relation (1.3) was proved applying (1.1) as

Moreover, in the Unsolved Problems [6] (1.12), the following problem is stated: Find the d.f. of the sequence, , in. Ch. Aistleitner and M. Hofer [7] gave the following theoretical solution:

Theorem 1 Let denote the von Neuman-Kakutani transformation described in Figure 1. Define the - dimensional curve, where. Then the searched a.d.f. is

where is the Lebesgue measure of a set.

The paper consists of the following parts: After definitions (Part 2) we derive the a.d.f. of

Figure 1. Line segments containing The graph of the von Neumann-Kakutani transformation.

Haoshangban (Part 3), the a.d.f. of (Part 4), intervals containing in diagonals (Part 5) and an explicit form of a.d.f. (Part 6). As an application (Part 7) we compute the limit

(1.4)

for, and, respectively, see (0.39), (0.41) and (0.46).

2. Definitions and Notations

Let, be a sequence in the unit interval. Denote

the step distribution function (step d.f.) of the finite sequence in, while.

A function is a distribution function (d.f.) if

(i) is nondecreasing;

(ii) and.

A d.f. is a d.f. of the sequence, if an increasing sequence of positive integers exists such that a.e. on.

A d.f. is an asymptotic d.f. (a.d.f.) of the sequence, if a.e. on.

The sequence is uniformly distributed (abbreviating u.d.) if its a.d.f. is.

Similar definitions take place for and -dimensional sequence, , in, cf. [1] (1.11, pp. 1-60).

In the sequel the -dimensional interval we denote by, where are projections on axes, respectively.

3. a.d.f. of

Let be an integer.

Lemma 1 Every point, , lies on the diagonals of intervals

(1.5)

(1.6)

Proof. Express an integer in the base

where and. We consider the following two cases:

,

.

Let

Then

,

and by (0.2)

. In this case

Thus such lies on the line-segment

(1.7)

Let

Then

and, where. Then

. Thus

,

, and we have

and

and

. Thus such lies on the segment

(1.8)

Thus, for, terms of the sequence lie on the diagonal of the interval

(1.9)

and for, after reduction, terms of the sequence lie on the diagonals of the intervals

(1.10)

These intervals are maximal with respect to inclusion.

Adding the maps (1.7) and (1.8) we found the so-called von Neumann-Kakutani transformation, see Figure 1. Because is u.d., the sequence has a.d.f. of the form1

(1.11)

where is the projection of a two dimensional set to the -axis.

The sum (1.11) implies

(1.12)

From (1.12) it follows

(1.13)

and for, the mean equality misses.

4. a.d.f. of

Let be an integer.

Lemma 2 All terms of the sequence, , lie in the diagonals of the following intervals

(1.14)

(1.15)

(1.16)

Proof. Express an integer in the base

(1.17)

where and. We consider three following cases:

,

,

.

Let

Then

,

and

. In this case

and thus such lies on the line-segment

(1.18)

Let

. Then

and, then

. Thus

,

, and we have

.

Furthermore

and

.

Thus in this case lies on the line-segment

(1.19)

Let.

Then

and, then

. Thus

,

, and we have

.

Furthermore

and

.

This gives

(1.20)

Summary, if the satisfies, then is contained in the diagonal of

(1.14)

for in the diagonal of

(1.15)

and for in the diagonal of

(1.16).

Proof. Express an integer in the base

(1.17)

where and. We consider three following cases:

, ,.

Let

Then, and. In this case

and thus such lies on the linesegment

(1.18)

Let

. Then and, then

. Thus,

, and we have

.

Furthermore

and.

Thus in this case lies on the line-segment

(1.19)

Let

. then and, then

. Thus

,

, and we have .

Furthermore

and.

This gives

(1.20)

Summary, if the satisfies, then is contained in the diagonal of

(1.14) for in the diagonal of

(1.15)

and for in the diagonal of

(1.16).

Composition of the maps (0.18), (0.19) and (0.20) of forms the second iteration of the von Neumann-Kakutani transformation. The diagonals of (1.14), (1.16) and (1.15) yield the following graph of in Figure 2.

Here the interval on -axis is decomposed in, , and the interval is decomposed in,. On -axis the interval is decomposed in, and the interval is decomposed in,. Note that for, the interval has a zero length and is missing.

Exchange for a moment the axis by. Similarly as in (1.11), we have that the a.d.f. of the sequence is

(1.21)

Decompose as the following figure shows:

Then by Figure 3 we have

Figure 2. Straight lines containing ,.

Figure 3. Decomposition of the Vunit square to parts with fixed expression of.

(1.22)

Let.

In this case we find a.d.f from (1.22) omitting

In Part 7. Applications we need to find from in (1.22):

For

(1.23)

For

(1.24)

For

(1.25)

Note that for the term is omitted.

5. a.d.f. of

Let be an integer.

Lemma 3 Every point is contained in diagonals of the intervals

(1.26)

(1.27)

(1.28)

where if. These intervals are maximal with respect to inclusion.

Proof. Every maximal -dimensional interval containing points will be written as, where are projections of to the, axes, respectively. Moreover if then and. From u.d. of follows that the lengths. Combining intervals (1.5), (1.14), (1.15), (1.16), (1.6) of equal lengths by following Figure 3.

We find (1.26), (1.27), and (1.28).

Now, let be the union of diagonals of (1.27), (1.28) and (1.26). Again, as in (1.11), the a.d.f. has2 the form

(1.29)

and it can be rewritten as

(1.30)

To calculate minimums in (1.30) we can use the following Figure 4 (here):

As an example of application of (1.30) and Figure 4, we compute for without using the knowledge of,3

(1.31)

Proof.

1. Let.

Then, , , consequently.

2. Let. Then, , , consequently.

3. Let. Then, , consequently.

4. Let.

Specify,. Then, for. Thus (1.30) implies

For we have

(1.32)

6. Explicit Form of

Let be an integer.

Motivated by the Figure 4 we decompose the unit interval on, and axes in the Figure 5

Figure 4. Projections of intervals on axes.

Figure 5. Divisions of the unit intervals.

intervals (here):

In this decomposition, for, we have possibilities. We shall order choices of from the left to the right. Detailed proofs are included only in non-trivial cases.

1. Let

. Then

.

Proof. We have, ,. Then, by (1.30),.

Similarly, in the following cases 2-9.

2. Let. Then

.

3. Let. Then

.

4. Let. Then

.

5. Let. Then

.

6. Let. Then

.

7. Let. Then

.

8. Let. Then

.

9. Let. Then

.

Proof. We use.

10. Let. Then

.

Proof. We use, ,. Similarly11. Let. Then

.

12. Let. Then

.

Proof. We use, ,.

13. Let. Then

.

14. Let. Then

.

15. Let. Then

.

16. Let.

Specify, ,. Then

Proof. First observe that, and. Thus

and

Further, for, we have

Thus, using (1.30), we find

.

17. Let.

Specify,. Then

Proof. We have, , , then

18. Let.

Specify,. Then

Proof. We have

19. Let. Then

.

20. Let.

Specify, ,. Then we have

Proof. We have, and

21. Let.

Specify,. Then

Proof., , ,

22. Let. Then

.

23. Let.

Specify,. Then

Proof., , ,

24. Let. Then

.

Proof. We have. Specify. Then

The first term is and the second is.

25. Let.

Specify,. Then

Proof.

26. Let.

Specify, and. Then

Proof. We have, , ,. Moreover

which gives

.

The final equation holds if and. It can be seen that it holds also for and. For and we need to compute this sum separately.

27. Let. Then

.

Proof. First observe

, ,. Thus

.

New specify and. Then we have

and, ,. Then for the sums in (1.30) we have

which gives.

The above computation of holds for.

Let.

We have and

(1.33)

Thus for directly follows from for if we use only such items in for which, ,. These are, i.e.,.

The non-zero values of can also be seen in the following table.

In all other cases.

7. Applications

The knowledge of the a.d.f. of the sequence allows us to compute the following limit by the Weyl limit relation (1.1) in dimension.

(1.34)

where is an arbitrary continuous function defined in. For computing (1.34) we use the following two methods.

7.1. Method I

In the first method in the Riemann-Stieltjes integral (1.34) we apply integration by parts.

Lemma 4 Assume that is a continuous in and is a.d.f. Then

(1.35)

Here

(1.36)

Note that

if the partial derivatives exist.

Exercise 1 Put. We have

,

The differential is non-zero if and only if and in this case.

Proof: For every interval and every continuous the differential is defined as

(1.37)

Putting, , we have

Then by (1.35)

(1.38)

For and by (1.31) we have

For and by (1.32) we have

Therefore for, by (1.34) and by (1.38) we have

(1.39)

Note that the same result follows from (1.44).

Exercise 2 Put. Since

, if, if, if, and if and otherwiseapplying (1.34) and (1.35) we have

(1.40)

Here we have in (1.13) for. For we use in (1.23) if, (1.24) if and (1.25) if and for we use (1.31) if and (1.32) if. Thus we have:

a) for;

b) for;

c) for;

d) for.

e) for;

f) for.

Putting a)-f) into (1.40) yields

(1.41)

7.2. Method II

In the second method we compute the differential directly. It is nonzero only for

. For such the a.d.f. has the form

(1.42)

Thus and moreover only on the following straight lines

Considering three possible cases, calculate

(1.43)

Summary

(1.44)

Exercise 3 Put. By Method I, we have, similarly, etc., and by (1.35) we have

(1.45)

Since a computation of (1.45) is complicated we use Method II, by (1.44) we have

Inserting these formulas into (1.44) we have

(1.46)

for.

8. Conclusion

The problems solved in this paper is significantly more complicated in higher dimensions. For example, in dimension, to compute the d.f. of the sequence, it is necessary to investigate cases analogous to cases for the explicit form in the part 0.6. Also Figure 3 would have to be converted to the dimension. Finally, we would need the third iteration of von Neumann-Kakutani transformation.

Acknowledgements

The paper is sponsored by the project P201/12/2351 of GA Czech Republic.

NOTES

1 is a copula.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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