Studies on TiO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites as Cathode Materials for Magnesium-Ion Battery

E. Sheha

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.

DOI: 10.4236/graphene.2014.33006                

Abstract

The aim of this work is to introduce a high performance cathode for magnesium-ion batteries. TiO₂/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were mixed in ball mill. The samples are charac- terized using XRD and SEM. The spex-milled composites exhibit better electrochemical perfor- mance with higher reversible capacity and excellent cyclability. The excellent electrochemical performance of TiO₂/rGO composites is due to their unique structures, which intimately combine the conductive graphene nanosheets network with TiO₂ nanoparticles and possess the characteristic parallel channels running along the [010] orientation, which allow easy Mg²+ transport. It was found that layered TiO₂ and rGO nanosheets in the composite interlace with each other to form novel sandwich-structured microspheres, which exhibit preferable electrochemical performance in rechargeable Mg batteries.

Keywords

Graphene, Magnesium Battery, Titanium Dioxide, Cathode

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Park, J., Kim, J., Park, J.-W., Nam, J., Kim, K., Ahn, J., Wang, G.X. and Ahn, H.-J. (2013) Discharge Mechanism of MoS2 for Sodium Ion Battery: Electrochemical Measurements and Characterization. Electrochimica Acta, 92, 427-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.057
[2]	Lv, D.P., Xu, T., Sahaa, P., Dattaa, M.K., Gordin, M.L., Manivannan, A., Kumta, P.N. and Wang, D.H. (2013) A Scientific Study of Current Collectors for Mg Batteries in Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/THF Electrolyte. Journal of the Electro- chemical Society, 160, A351-A355.
[3]	Peng, B., Liang, J., Tao, Z. and Chen, J. (2009) Magnesium Nanostructures for Energy Storage and Conversion. Jour- nal of Materials Chemistry, 19, 2877-2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b816478a
[4]	Li, W.Y., Li, C.S., Zhou, C.Y., Ma, H. and Chen, J. (2006) Metallic Magnesium Nano/Mesoscale Structures: Their Shape-Controlled Preparation and Mg/Air Battery Applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 6009- 6012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600099
[5]	Liu, Y., Jiao, L., Wu, Q., Du, J., Zhao, Y., Si, Y., Wang, Y.J. and Yuan, H.T. (2013) Sandwich-Structured Graphene- Like MoS2/C Microspheres for Rechargeable Mg Batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1, 5822-5826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10786h
[6]	Aurbach, D., Lu, Z., Schechter, A., Gofer, Y., Gizbar, H., Turgeman, R., Cohen, Y., Moshkovich, M. and Levi, E. (2000) Prototype Systems for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries. Nature, 407, 724-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35037553
[7]	Abdel-Samiea, B.M., Basyouni, A., Khalil, R.M., Sheha, E., Tsuda, H. and Matsui, T. (2013) The Role of TiO2 Ana- tase Nano-Filler to Enhance the Physical and Electrochemical Properties of PVA-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Mag- nesium Battery. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A, 3, 678-689
[8]	Sheha, E. (2013) Prototype System for Magnesium/TiO2 Anatase Batteries. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 83, 653.
[9]	Hou, J., Wu, R., Zhao, P., Chang, A., Ji, G., Gao, B., Gao, B. and Zhao, Q. (2013) Graphene-TiO2(B) Nanowires Composite Material: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Materials Letters, 100, 173- 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.004
[10]	Li, J., Wan, W., Zhou, H., Li, J. and Xu, D. (2011) Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO2(B) Nanowires with Ultrahigh Sur- face Area and Their Fast Charging and Discharging Properties in Li-Ion Batteries. Chemical Communications, 47, 3439-3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cc04634e
[11]	Armstrong, A.R., Armstrong, G., Canales, J. and Bruce, P.G. (2004) Lithium-Ion Intercalation into TiO2-B Nanowires. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43, 2286-2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200353571
[12]	Zhao, H., Pan, L., Xing, S., Luo, J. and Xu, J. (2013) Vanadium Oxides-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for Li- thium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors with Improved Electrochemical Performance. Journal of Power Sources, 222, 21-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.08.036
[13]	Liu, Y., Jiao, L., Wu, Q., Zhao, Y., Cao, K., Liu, H., Wang, Y. and Yuan, H. (2013) Synthesis of rGO-Supported Layered MoS2 for High-Performance Rechargeable Mg Batteries. Nanoscale, 5, 9562-9567.
[14]	Kitazawa, S., Choi, Y., Yamamoto, S. and Yamaki, T. (2006) Rutile and Anatase Mixed Crystal TiO2 Thin Films Pre- pared by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Thin Solid Films, 515, 1901-1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.07.032
[15]	Jonscher, A.K. (1977) The “Universal” Dielectric Response. Nature, 267, 673-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/267673a0
[16]	Karlsson, L. and Mcgreevy, R.L. (1995) Mechanisms of Ionic Conduction in Li2SO4 and LiNaSO4: Paddle Wheel or Percolation. Solid State Ionics, 76, 301-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)00278-Z
[17]	Ng, L.S. and Mohamad, A.A. (2006) Protonic Battery Based on a Plasticized Chitosan-NH4NO3 Solid Polymer Elec- trolyte. Journal of Power Sources, 163, 382-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.042
[18]	Sheha, E. (2009) Ionic Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Plasticized PVA0.7(LiBr)0.3(H2SO4)2.7M Solid Acid Membrane and Its Performance in a Magnesium Battery. Solid State Ionics, 180, 1575-1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2009.10.008