Novel Adder Circuits Based On Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

Firdous Ahmad, Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat, Peer Zahoor Ahmad

Department of Computer Science University of Kashmir, (J&K) India.
Department of Electronics & IT, University of Kashmir, (J&K) India.

DOI: 10.4236/cs.2014.56016                

Abstract

Quantum-dot cellular automaton (QCA) is a novel nanotechnology that provides a very different computation platform than traditional CMOS, in which polarization of electrons indicates the digital information. This paper demonstrates designing combinational circuits based on quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology, which offers a way to implement logic and all interconnections with only one homogeneous layer of cells. In this paper, the authors have proposed a novel design of XOR gate. This model proves designing capabilities of combinational circuits that are compatible with QCA gates within nano-scale. Novel adder circuits such as half adders, full adders, which avoid the fore, mentioned noise paths, crossovers by careful clocking organization, have been proposed. Experiment results show that the performance of proposed designs is more efficient than conventional designs. The modular layouts are verified with the freely available QCA Designer tool.

Keywords

Novel Adder Circuits Based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Compano, R., Molenkamp, L. and Paul, D.J. (1999) Technology Roadmap for Nanoelectronics. Proceeding of the European Commission IST Programme, Future and Emerging Technologies, Conference 1999.
[2]	Lent, C.S., Taugaw, P.D., Porod, W. and Berstein, G.H. (1993) Quantum Cellular Automata. Nanotechnology, 4, 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/4/1/004
[3]	Compano, R., Molenkamp, L. and Paul, D.J. (2000) Technology Roadmap for Nanoelectroincs. European Commission IST Programme, Future and Emerging Technologies.
[4]	Smith, C.G. (1999) Computation without Current. Science, 284, 274.
[5]	Lent, C.S., Tougaw, P.D. and Porod, W. (1994) Quantum Cellular Automata: The Physics of Computing with Arrays of Quantum Dot Molecules. Proceedings of the Workshop on Physics and Computing, Dallas, 17-20 November 1994, 5-13,
[6]	Ahmad, P.Z., Ahmad, F. and Khan, H.A. (2014) A New F-Shaped XOR Gate and Its Implementations as Novel Adder Circuits Based Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), 16, 110-117.
[7]	Wang, S. and Cai, L. (2007) Novel Exclusive-OR Gate and Full Adder Implementation Using Quantum Cellular Automata. Solid-State Phenomenon, 565-569.
[8]	H?nninen, I. and Takala, J. (2007) Robust Adders Based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. IEEE, 1-4244-1027-4.
[9]	Dehghan, B. (2014) Design Multipurpose Circuits with Minimum Garbage Outputs Using CMVMIN Gate. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2014, Article ID: 532121.
[10]	Vetteth, A. Walus, K. Jullien, G.A. and Dimitrov, V. (2002) Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Carry-Look-Ahead Adder and Barrel Shifter. Proceedings of the IEE Emerging Telecommunication Technologies, Dallas Tex, 2, 1-4.
[11]	Tougaw, P.D. and Lent, C.S. (1994) Logical Devices Implemented Using Quantum Cellular Automata. Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics, 75, 1818-1824.
[12]	Cho, H. and Swartzlender, E.E. (2007) Adder Designs and Analysis for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 6, 374-383.
[13]	Vetteth, A., Walus, K., Dimitrov, V.S. and Jullien, G.A. (2002) Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Carry-Look-Ahead Adder and Barrel Shifter. Proceedings of IEEE Emerging Telecommunications Tech-nologies Conference, Dallas, September 2002.
[14]	Fijany, Toomarian, N., Modarress, K. and Spotnitz, M. (2003) Bit-Serial Adder Based on Quantum Dots. NASA Technical Report, Jan.
[15]	Beigh, M.R., Mustafa, M. and Ahmad, F. (2013) Performance Evaluation of Efficient XOR Structures in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Circuits and Systems, 4, 147-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2013.42020
[16]	Walus, K., Wang, W. and Julliaen, G.A. (2004) Quantum Cellular Automata Adders. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 3, 461-463.
[17]	Walus, K., Schulaf, G. and Julliaen, G.A. (2004) High Level Exploration of Quantum Dot Automata. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2, 30-33.
[18]	Lent, C.S., Liu, M. and Lu, Y.H. (2006) Bennett Clocking of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata and the Limits Tobinary Logic Scaling. Nanotechnology, 17, 4240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/16/040
[19]	Liu, W.Q., Srivastava, S., Lu, L., O’Neill, M. and Swartzlander, E.E. (2012) Are QCA Cryptographic Circuits Resistant to Power Analysis Attack? IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 11, 1239-1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2012.2222663
[20]	Amlani, I., Orlov, A.O., Toth, G., Bernstein, G.H., Lent, C.S. and Snider, G.L. (1999) Digital Logic Gate Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. Science, 284, 289-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5412.289
[21]	Lent, C.S. and Tougaw, P.D. (1997) A Device Architecture for Computing with Quantum Dots. Proceedings of the IEEE, 85, 541-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.573740
[22]	Smith, C.G. (1999) Computational without Current. Science, 284, 274.
[23]	Karthigai lakshmi, S. and Athisha, G. (2010) Efficient Design of Logical Structures and Functions Using Nanotechnology Based Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Design. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887), 3, 35.
[24]	Tougaw, P.D. and Lent, C.S. (1999) Logical Devices Implementation Using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata. Journal of Applied Physics, 75, 1818.
[25]	Teja, V.C., Polisetti, S. and Santhosh, K. (2008) QCA Based Multiplexing of 16 Arithmetic & Logical Sub-System a Paradigm for Nano Computing. 3rd Annual IEEE-International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineering Molecular System, Sanya, 6-9 January 2008, 758-763.
[26]	Shahidinejad, A. and Selamat, A. (2012) Desien of First Adder/Subtractor Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. Advance Materials Research, 403-408, 3392-3397.
[27]	Choi, Myungsu and Choi, Minsu (2008) Scalability of Globally Asynchronous QCA (Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata) Adder Design. Journal of Electronic Testing, 24, 313-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10836-007-5052-0
[28]	Hanninen, I. and Taka, J. (2008) Arithmetic Design on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology. Workshop on Embedded Computer Systems Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation SAMOS, Samos, 21-24 July 2008, 43-52.
[29]	Lakshmi, S.K. and Athisha, G. (2011) Design and Analysis of Adders Using Nanotechnology Based Quantum Dot Cellular Automata. Journal of Computer Science, 7, 1072-1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2011.1072.1079
[30]	Tougaw, P. and Lent, C. (1994) Logical Devices Implemented Using Quantum Cellular Automata. Journal of Applied Physics, 75, 1818-1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356375
[31]	Wang, W., Walus, K. and Jullien, G. (2003) Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Adders. Proceedings of the 2003 3rd IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, San Francisco, 12-14 August 2003, 461-464.
[32]	Kim, K., Wu, K. and Karri, R. (2007) The Robust QCA Adder Designs Using Composable QCA Building Blocks. IEEE Tractions on CAD Integrated Circuits Systems, 26, 176-183.
[33]	Ammar Safavi, A. and Mohammad Mosleh, B. (2013) An Overview of Full Adders in QCA Technology. International Journal of Computer Science & Network Solutions.
[34]	Santra, S. and Roy, U. (2014) Design and Implementation of Quantum Cellular Au-tomata Based Novel Adder Circuits. World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology. International Journal of Computer, Information Science and Engineering, 8.
[35]	Walus, K., Wang, W. and Jullien, G.A. (2004) Majority Logic Reduction for Quantum Cellular Automata. Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 3.
[36]	Walus, K., Schulaf, G. and Jullien, G.A. (2004) Circuit Design Based on Majority Gates for Application with Quantum Dotcellular Automata. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 4, 1350-1356.