1. Introduction, Definitions and Preliminaries
Throughout this paper, we use the following standard notations:
, 
and
. Here, 
denotes the set of integers, 
denotes the set of real numbers and 
denotes the set of complex numbers. We assume that 
denotes the principal branch of the multi-valued function 
with the imaginary part 
constrained by
. Furthermore, 
if
, and, 
if
.
(cf. [1] -[19] ).
The generating functions have been used in many branches of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics. By using p-adic Volkenborn integral, analytic functions and these generating functions, we derive many functional equations and differential equations. By using these equations, we derive many new identities and combinatorics relations related to these numbers and polynomials.
The Stirling numbers of the first and the second are used in pure and applied Mathematics. The Stirling number of the second kind, denoted by
, is the number of ways to partition a set of 
objects into 
groups. These numbers occur in combinatorics and in the theory of partitions. The Stirling numbers of the second kind 
are defined by means of the following generating function:
(cf. [1] -[19] ). These numbers are computed by the following formula:
or
From the above equation, one has
with
and 
(
or
) (cf. [1] -[19] ).
The Stirling numbers of the first kind 
are defined by means of the following generating function:
(cf. [19] ). These numbers are computed by the following formula:
From the above equation, one has
with
and 
(
or
) (cf. [19] ).
The array polynomials 
are defined by means of the following generating function:
(cf. [1] [13] ).
From the above generating function, one has
with
and for
, 
(cf. [1] [13] ).
2. Identities and Relations on the Central Factorial Numbers 
In this section, we study on generating functions for the central factorial numbers 
on analytic functions. By using these functions, we derive are some functional equations. Applying these functions and equations, we give some identities and relations related to the central factorial numbers
, which are defined by means of the following generating function (cf. [3] [19] ):
(2.1)
Srivastava and Liu [19] gave many properties and applications of the central factorial numbers.
In the work of Srivastava and Liu [19] , one has the following relations:
Combining the above equation with (1), we also have
where
, 
,
. For
, 
, 
and 
(cf. [19] ).
In [2] , Cigler gave the following formula for the numbers
:
Some properties of the function 
are given as follows:
From this property, one has
. The function 
is related to the hyperbolic functions and generating functions for the special numbers. Thus we get the following functional equation:
The function 
is related to the generating function for the Stirling numbers of the second kind,
. That is
(2.2)
where
and
(2.3)
We are going to differentiate (1) with respect to 
to derive a recurrence relation or identities for the central factorial numbers.
(2.4)
or
(2.5)
Lemma 1 ([9] , Lemma 11, Equation (7)]
where 
denotes the greatest integer function.
Remark 1 Lemma 1 was generalized by Srivastava et al. [16] . By using these generalization, one may generalize Theorem 1.
Theorem 1
Proof. By combining (2) with (1), we get
By using Lemma 1, we obtain
Comparing the coefficients of 
on both sides of the above equation, we arrive at the desired result. □
Theorem 2
where 
denotes the array polynomials.
Proof. By using (3), we derive the following functional equation:
(2.6)
where 
denotes generating function for the array polynomials
. By combining (2.6) with (2.1), we obtain
By using Lemma 1, we obtain
Comparing the coefficients of 
on both sides of the above equation, we arrive at the desired result. □
Remark 2 By using functional equation in (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5), one may also obtain an interesting identities and relationships between the Stirling numbers of the second kind and the central factorial numbers.
3. Identities Related to the p-Adic Volkenborn Integral and the Central Factorial Numbers
In this section, we give applications of the p-adic integral on
, set of p-adic integers. By using the Witt’s formula for the Bernoulli and Euler numbers related to the p-adic Volkenborn integral and the Mahler coefficients, we derive many interesting and novel identities associated with the central factorial numbers, the family of numbers
, the Stirling numbers of the first and the second kind and also combinatorics identities.
We use notations of the work of Kim [4] for the 
-adic 
-Volkenborn integral. Let 
be a fixed prime. It is known that
is a distribution on 
for 
with
, cf. [4] . Let 
be the set of uniformly differentiable functions on
. The 
-adic 
-integral of the function 
is defined by Kim [4] as follows:
where
The bosonic 
-adic integral (
-adic Volkenborn integral) was considered from a physical point of view to the bosonic limit
, as follows ([4] ):
(3.1)
where
The 
-adic 
-integral is used in many branch of mathematics, mathematical physics and other areas (cf. [4] [11] [14] [18] ).
By using (7), we have the Witt’s formula for the Bernoulli numbers 
as follows:
(3.2)
(cf. [4] [5] [11] [14] [18] ).
We consider the fermionic integral in contrast to the bosonic integral, which is called the fermionic 
-adic Volkenborn integral on 
cf. [5] . That is
(3.3)
where
(cf. [5] ). By using (9), we have the Witt’s formula for the Euler numbers 
as follows:
(3.4)
(cf. [5] [6] [11] [18] ).
Theorem 3
(3.5)
Proof of Theorem 3 was given by Schikhof [14] .
Theorem 4
Proof of Theorem 4 was given by Kim et al. ([7] [8] ).
The family of numbers 
was defined by Srivastava and Liu [19] . These numbers are related to the Stirling numbers of the first and the second kind, which are given by the following theorem.
Theorem 5 ([19] , Theorem 1]) Let 
and
Then
(3.6)
In [19] , Equation-(2.3)], Srivastava and Liu also gave the following relation:
(3.7)
By using the above formulae, we derive the following identities related to the numbers
, the Stirling numbers, the Bernoulli numbers and the Euler numbers.
According to the work of Kim at al. ([7] [8] ), we get
Combining Theorem 4 with the above equation, we get
(3.8)
Integrating both sides of (3.7) with respect to the fermionic integral on
, and than using (3.8), we obtain the following Lemma:
Lemma 2
Integrating both sides of (3.6) with respect to the fermionic integral on
, and than using (3.4), we obtain the following Lemma:
Lemma 3
where 
denotes the Euler numbers.
By using Lemma 2 and Lemma 3, we arrive at the following theorem:
Theorem 6
Similarly, according to the work of Kim et al. ([7] [8] ), we get
Combining Theorem 3 with the above equation, we get
(3.9)
Integrating both sides of (3.7) with respect to the bosonic 
-adic integral on
, and than using (3.9), we obtain the following lemma:
Lemma 4
Integrating both sides of (3.6) with respect to the fermionic integral on
, and than using (3.2), we obtain the following lemma:
Lemma 5
where 
denotes the Bernoulli numbers.
By using Lemma 4 and Lemma 5, we arrive at the following theorem:
Theorem 7
Acknowledgements
The paper was supported by the Scientific Research Project Administration of Akdeniz University.