Tin Sulfide Nanoparticle Synthesis from Waste Waters

Jitender Gaur, Shilpa Jain, Suresh Chand, Narender Kumar Kaushik

Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India J & S Research and Innovations, New Delhi, India.
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India J & S Research and Innovations, New Delhi, India 3Physics of Energy Harvesting, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India.
Physics of Energy Harvesting, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India.

DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2014.52008                

Abstract

Tin and its derivatives are extensively used in modern technology tools which lead requirement for development of green methods for its waste management and profitable recycling. Presence of tin in water bodies causes enormous environmental concern due to its acute toxicity to living beings. We demonstrate a simple and zero emission process for extraction of tin ions from aqueous solution using dithiocarbamate-based copolymer and its single step quantitative recovery and transformation into SnS nanoparticles. The polymer shows high metal extraction capacity, 1.06 g SnCl₂ per gram of polymer. The polymer metal composite and SnS nanoparticles are analyzed using TEM, FTIR, XRD spectroscopy techniques. The FTIR shows formation of Sn-S bonding in the polymer metal composite. This study has implication for cost effective and green approach for purification of water and waste management.

Keywords

Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles; Metal Extraction; Green Chemistry; Hydrothermal Synthesis; Water Purification

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	[1] Y. Yu, L. Gu, C. Zhu, P. A. van Aken and J. Maier, “Tin Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Porous Multichannel Carbon Microtubes: Preparation by Single-Nozzle Electrospinning and Application as Anode Material for High-Performance Li-Based Batteries,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, No. 44, 2009, pp 15984-15985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja906261c
[2]	P. J. Hotchkiss, S. C. Jones, S. A. Paniagua, A. Sharma, B. Kippelen, N. R. Armstrong and S. R. Marder, “The Modification of Indium Tin Oxide with Phosphonic Acids: Mechanism of Binding, Tuning of Surface Properties, and Potential for Use in Organic Electronic Applications,” Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2012, pp. 337-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar200119g
[3]	M. Planells, A. Abate, D. J. Hollman, S. D. Stranks, V. Bharti, J. Gaur, D. Mohanty, S. Chand, H. J. Snaith and N. Robertson, “Diacetylene Bridged Triphenylamines as Hole Transport Materials for Solid State dye Sensitized Solar Cells,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, No. 23, 2013, pp. 6949-6960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta11417a
[4]	W. Hamd, M. Chavarot-Kerlidou, J. Fize, G. Muller, A. Leyris, M. Matheron, E. Courtin, M. Fontecave, C. Sanchez, V. Artero and C. Laberty-Robert, “Dye-sensitized Nanostructured Crystalline Mesoporous Tin-Doped Indium oxide Films with Tunable Thickness for Photoelectrochemical Applications,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, No. 28, 2013, pp. 8217-8225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10728k
[5]	E. Kim, D. M. Gordon, W. Schmid and G. M. Whitesides, “Tinand Indium-Mediated Allylation in Aqueous Media: Application to Unprotected Carbohydrates,” The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 58, No. 20, 1993, pp 55005507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00072a038
[6]	F. Chen, B. Mecheri, A. D’Epifanio, E. Traversa and S. Licoccia, “Development of Nafion/Tin Oxide Composite MEA for DMFC Applications,” Fuel Cells, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2010, pp. 790-797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200900179
[7]	H. Berndt, I. Monnicha, B. Lücke and M. Menzel, “Tin Promoted Palladium Catalysts for Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental Vol. 30, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00225-3
[8]	K. A. Winship, “Toxicity of Tin and Its Compounds,” Adverse Drug Reactions and Acute Poisoning Reviews, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1988, pp. 19-38.
[9]	M. R. Krigman and A. P. Silverman, “General Toxicology of Tin and its Organic Compounds,” Neurotoxicology, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1984, pp. 129-139.
[10]	K. Nagano, T. Nishizawa, Y. Umeda, T. Kasai, T. Noguchi, K. Gotoh, N. Ikawa, Y. Eitaki, Y. Kawasumi, T. Yamauchi, H. Arito and S. Fukushima, “Inhalation Carcinogenicity and Chronic Toxicity of Indium-tin Oxide in Rats and Mice,” Journal of Occupational Health, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2011, pp. 175-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.10-0057-OA
[11]	C. I. Yoo, Y. Kim, K. S. Jeong, C. S. Sim, Nari Choy, J. Kim, J. B. Eum, Y. Nakajima, Y. Endo and Y. J. Kim, “A Case of Acute Organotin Poisoning,” Journal of Occupational Health, Vol. 49, No. 4, 2007, pp. 305-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.49.305
[12]	H. Shin, S. N. Srivastava and D. N. Ruzic, “Tin Removal from Extreme Ultraviolet Collector Optics by Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching,” Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2008, pp. 389-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2899332
[13]	A. S. Sheoran and V. Sheoran, “Heavy Metal Removal Mechanism of Acid Mine Drainage in Wetlands: A Critical Review,” Minerals Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2006, pp: 105-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.08.006
[14]	J. Gaur, S. Jain, R. Bhatia, A. Lal and N. K. Kaushik “Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Copolymer of Glyoxal Dihydrazone and Glyoxal Dihydrazone bis(dithiocarbamate) and Application in Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Water,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 112, No. 2, 2013, pp. 1137-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3136-x
[15]	J.-C. Park, “The Removal of Tin from ITO-scrap Using Molten NaOH,” Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2008, pp. 255-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.1.255
[16]	N. A. Khan, Z. Hasan and S. H. Jhung, “Adsorptive Removal of Hazardous Materials Using Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): A Review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 244-245, 2013; pp. 444-456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.011
[17]	V. Bharti, S. Jain, J. Gaur, A. Sonania, D. Mohanty, G. D Sharma and S. Chand, “Sustainable Organic Polymer Solar Cells Using TiO2 Derived From Automobile Paint Sludge,” Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2014, pp. 395-397.
[18]	S. P. Huang, K. J. Franz, E. H. Arnold, J. Devenyi and R. H. Fish, “Polymer Pendant Ligand Chemistry-5. The Selective and Competitive Removal of Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from Aqueous Solution Utilizing a nSulfonylethylenebis(Dithiocarbamate) Ligand Anchored on Macroporous Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene Beads,” Polyhedron, Vol. 15, No, 23, 1996, pp. 4241-4254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5387(96)00171-4
[19]	M. Tabakci, S. Erdemir and M. Yilmaz, “Preparation, Characterization of Cellulose-Grafted with Calix[4]arene Polymers for the Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Dichromate Anions,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 148, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 428-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.057
[20]	A. Duran, M. Soylak and S. A. Tuncel, “Poly(Vinyl Pyridine-Poly Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate-Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate) Beads for Heavy Metal Removal,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 155, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 114-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.037
[21]	C. Cojocaru, G. Zakrzewska-Trznadel and A. Jaworska, “Removal of Cobalt Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Polymer Assisted Ultrafiltration Using Experimental Design Approach. Part 1: Optimization of Complexation Conditions,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 169, No. 1-3, 2009, pp. 599-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.145
[22]	D. C. Onwudiwe and P. A. Ajibade, “Thermal Studies of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes of Some N-AlkylN-Phenyl-Dithiocarbamates,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 8, 2012, pp. 9502-9513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13089502
[23]	R. K. Bhardwaj, H. S Kushwaha, J. Gaur, T. Upreti, V. Gupta, N. Chaudhary, G. D. Sharma, K. Banerjee and S. Chand, “A Green Approach for Direct Growth of CdS Nanoparticles Network in Poly(3-Hexylthiophene-2, 5-Diyl) Polymer Film for Hybrid Photovoltaic,” Materials Letters, Vol. 89, 2012, pp. 195-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.071
[24]	J. Gaur, “Synthesis and Characterization of Complexes of Some Transition Elements with Nitrogen & Sulphur Containing Ligands,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 2012.
[25]	D. C. Menezes, G. M. de Lima, F. A. Carvalho, M. G. Coelho, A. O. Porto, R. Augusti and J. D. Ardisson, “Synthesis of Phase-Pure SnS Particles Employing Dithiocarbamate Organotin(IV) Complexes as Single Source Precursors in Thermal Decomposition Experiments,” Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 9, 2010, pp. 650-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.1663
[26]	M. Afzaal, C. L. Rosenberg, M. A. Malik, A. J. P. White and P. O’Brien, “Phosphine Stabilized Copper(I) Complexes of Dithiocarbamates and Xanthates and Their Decomposition Pathways,” New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 35, No. 12, 2011, pp. 2773-2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1nj20586b
[27]	R. K Bhardwaj, et.al., “In-Situ Growth of CdS Nanorods in PTB7 by Solvothermal Process for Hybrid Organic Inorganic Solar Cell applications,” Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2014, pp. 331-333.
[28]	D. Mohanty, V. Bharti, J. Gaur, R. Bhardwaj, G. D. Sharma and S Chand, “Charge Transport Studies in Pure and CdS Doped PBDTTPD:CdS Nanocomposite for Solar Cell Application,” Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2014, pp. 323-325.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03002-9_81
[29]	X.-L. Goua, J. Chena and P. W. Shen, “Synthesis, Characterization and Application of SnSx (x = 1, 2) Nanoparticles,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 93, No. 2-3, 2005, pp. 557-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.04.008
[30]	H. Peng, L. Jiang, J. Huang and G. Li, “Synthesis of Morphologically Controlled Tin Sulfide Nanostructures,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Vol 9, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1163-1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-006-9208-0
[31]	J. I. Langford and A. J. C. Wilson, “Scherrer after Sixty Years: A Survey and Some New Results in the Determination of Crystallite Size,” Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 11, 1978, pp. 102-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878012844
[32]	J. Granell, M. L. H. Green, V. J. Lowe, S. R. Marder, P. Mountford, G. C. Saunders and N. M. Walker, “Studies on the Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Crown Ether Dithiocarbamates and the Molecular Dynamics of Bis (aza-15-crown-5)Thiuram Disulphide. Crystal Structure of Cobalt tris[(aza-15-crown-5) Dithiocarbamate],” rnal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, Vol. 2, 1990, pp. 605-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dt9900000605