Review of double mood stabilizer treatments for bipolar disorder in China ()
KEYWORDS
Bipolar Disorde; Double Mood Stabilizers; Lithium Carbonate; Sodium Valproate
1. INTRODUCTION
The treatment of most manic, mixed and rapid cycling episodes involved a combination of mood stabilizers with antipsychotics. Although treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in many countries commonly include lithium carbonate joint with sodium valproate, this combination therapy has not been proven satisfactory for all patients. Such treatment combinations with their adverse reactions, neurotoxicity and interaction with other drugs justify and call for a new reviewing of the issue. The aims are to review the interactions of combined drugs, the metabolic features, action mechanism, curative as well as side effects of these treatment combinations. In this review, considerable attention is given to the relationship of the mutual action of these drugs with their clinical efficacy but also their side effects.
2. THEORETICAL STUDY AND NEW CONCEPT OF DOUBLE MOOD STABILIZERS
2.1. Action Mechanisms of Mood Stabilizers
Recent studies have revealed similarities as well as differences in the action mechanisms of mood stabilizers such as lithium carbonate and valproic acid sodium. These studies have shown that lithium might have a neuro-protective function that is attributed to its direct inhibition of the activity of GSK-3β, and thus to the blocking the process of apoptosis facilitated by this enzyme. Furthermore, the same protective mechanism against damage to nerve cells caused by neurotoxicity of glutamic acid and cytotoxicity of Ca++ overload, have been implemented in the effects of several other mood stabilizers such as valproic acid and lamotrigine. The inhibition of GSK-3β facilitated apoptosis by certain mood stabilizers, suggests a common treatment effect by coordinating the dysregulation of GSK-3β. A further protective mechanism of nerves is associated with neurotrophic neuron function of valproic acid sodium and lithium carbonate [1].
2.2. Investigation for Recommendations.
Efforts have been made to identify the potential benefits of the combined treatment for bipolar disorder patients. An opinion survey was carried out among 70 psychiatric experts in China, with a respondence rate of 86.7%. The results suggested that double mood stabilizers were suitable for conditions including treatment resistant manic episode, recurrent mania with longer duration, rapid cycling, mixed episode, mania persisting after standard therapy guidelines, serious mania and delirium mania. Furthermore, the respondents identified potential positive effects of the combination of these drugs on switching prevention, maintenance therapy, rapid effect, mixed and rapid cycling episodes. Importantly, there was a consensus among the psychiatrists that the combination therapy decreased the risk of lithium intoxication [2].
2.3. The New Concept of Double Mood Stabilizers [3]
Previously, certain types of bipolar disorder, especially severe manic episode, rapid cycling and mixed episode were managed by one mood stabilizer or a combination of a mood stabilizer with an antipsychotic. These treatments, however, proved to have low efficacy. Other treatments involving anticonvulsants, in particular two antiepileptic drugs were shown to be more effective. Clinical observation from series of cases suggested that the best combination of two mood stabilizers included lithium carbonate and an antiepileptic such as valproate. Consequently, current guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder in China recommend double mood stabilizers (the Chinese Bipolar Disorder Treatment Guideline).
3. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
3.1. Combination of Lithium Carbonate and Valproate Compared to Lithium Carbonate
To explore the efficacy with side effects of the combination of lithium carbonate and valproate versus lithium carbonate in the treatment of mania, a clinical trial on 88 affected patients was conducted (Chinese Criteria of Classification and Diagnostic of Mental Disorder 3rd (ccmd-3) [4]. Both groups were assessed for 8 weeks with BechRafaelsen mania rating scale (BMRS) and treatment emergent symptoms scale (TESS). The results of the BMRS revealed that patients who were given the combination therapy showed a significant improvement after the first week of treatment on items including verbal activity, flight of thoughts, hostility, mood, self-esteem and sleep disturbance. Moreover, patients that received lithium with valproate acid showed a significant improvement in symptoms compared to the group that received lithium carbonate only. An assessment of the combination treatment versus lithium after two weeks confirmed a significant improvement on items of verbal activity, noise level, social contact, and sexual activity. The same trend of change in symptoms was observed after four weeks, marked by decrease in motor activity, hostility, mood, self-esteem, social contact, sleep disturbance, sexual interest and verbal activity. With regard to the effect of lithium, no significant improvement in verbal activity and flight of thought was observed. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in side effects between the two treatment groups throughout the course of treatments. Thus, the study provided evidence that the combination of sodium valproate with lithium carbonate is more effective in improving the symptoms of mania compared to single lithium. This is consistent with outcomes of other six clinical trials, which commonly found the former treatment to be superior to the later [5].
Further research (Liu et al.) compared the efficacy of combination of intravenous valproate with oral lithium versus oral lithium mono-therapy on 40 patients with acute mania (CCMD-3). An assessment following the first week of treatment revealed a significant decrease in symptoms in the combination group compared to the single treatment. However, after the second week, a significant decrease was also observed in the lithium group. The differences in the changes of BMRS scores existed from first weekend to forth weekend. It has been indicted that the combination of lithium carbonate and sodium valproate can improve symptoms more rapidly than lithium [6].
An atypical antipsychotic is recommended when a mood stabilizer therapy does not lead to a complete resolution of mania symptoms. The efficacy of the combination of sodium valproate XR (Depakine), lithium carbonate and an atypical antipsychotic was assessed by Wang et al. The trial recruited 80 patients with manic episode (according to CCMD-3), 40 of which were treated with combination of atypical antipsychotics, Depakine and lithium carbonate, whereas the control group was treated with lithium and an atypical antipsychotic. Changes in symptoms were assessed during 6 weeks of treatment, using the Beck-Rafaelsen manic scale (BRMS). The results revealed a significant decrease in mania symptoms in both groups of patients, however, the improvement in the treatment group was more pronounced compared to the control group. Furthermore, the side effects did not differ between the two groups. In consideration of the above, the study recommended that the combination therapy for mania is more effective when used with an atypical drug [7].
3.2. Combination of Lithium Carbonate and Valproate Compared to Valproate
Ma et al. compared the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of sodium valproate XR (Depakine), lithium carbonate and an atypical antipsychotic with the combination of sodium valproate XR (Depakine) and an antipsychotic [8]. Following six weeks of treatment the Beck-Rafaelsen manic scale (BRMS) revealed that both treatments led to significant improvement, however, the combination of two mood stabilizers with an antipsychotic showed more efficacy, without a significant difference in side effects between the treatment and control group.
3.3. Combination of Lithium Carbonate and Valproate in Prevention
The literature suggests that the combination of lithium and valproate might have an effect on better prevention of relapse of bipolar disorder.
Liu et al. compared the efficacy of lithium and valproate with the efficacy of lithium only in the prevention of bipolar disorder. In their study, 82 patients in remission of bipolar disorder were randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. Participants in the case group received the combination of the two drugs, whereas others in the control group received the monotherapy of lithium. After two years’ follow up, a superior improvement rate in relapse prevention in the treatment group was 88.6% versus 68.4% in the control group. These results provided evidence supporting that lithium carbonate in combination with sodium valproate is more effective then lithium alone in prevention of bipolar disorder [9].
A similar study was carried out to compare the rates of relapse of bipolar disorder in patients treated with lithium, valproate and the combination of lithium with valproate over the period of five years (Xu, 2007), which found that the relapse rates were significantly lower in the combination treatment group comparing to the control group [10]. In particular, the treatment of lithiumcombined with valproate was effective in preventing rapid cycling bipolar disorder [10].
4. EVALUATION BY EBM [11]
Finally, evidence based medicine research was conducted to draw a conclusion on the efficacy of double mood stabilizers (lithium carbonate and sodium valproate) relative to one mood stabilizer (lithium carbonate) in the treatment of bipolar disorder (Jin, 11). Six relevant studies were analyzed with regard to changes in symptoms, efficacy and remission rates. A significant improvement in symptoms between double and single mood stabilizer treatments was found (WMD: −1.91, 95%CI: −2.83 - −1.00, Z = 4.10, P < 0.001). Furthermore, analysis revealed a significant improvement in rates of efficacy (81.8% vs 65%, OR = 2.29，95%CI: 1.30 - 4.75, Z = 2.76, P < 0.01, and significant improvement in full remission rate (56.6% vs 37.7%, OR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.33 - 4.24, Z = 2.92, P < 0.01). Thus, the results strongly suggested that therapy which entailed two mood stabilizers is superior to a single mood stabilizer in the treatment and prevention of bipolar disorder (see figure 1).
5. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO DURGS
5.1. Study on Animals [12]
Jin et al. examined the effect of carbon valproate on the level of lithium serum in 20 rats. The rats were randomly allocated into two groups, and bred with 15 mg lithium carbonate every day for 26 days. In addition, rats in the experimental group were bred with 10 mg sodium valproate every day from the sixth day of lithium administration until the end of the study. To determine levels of lithium serum, tail blood samples were collected on the 5th, 12th, 19th and 26th day, using 909 electric determining instruments. With an exception of the 19th day, there were no significant differences in serum lithium levels
Figure 1. Manic symptoms change between lithium and combination of lithium and valpronate. Review: meta-analysis of double MS in therapy of bipolar mania; Comparison: comparison between lithium with valproate and lithium; Outcome: changing of BMRS.
between the two groups. Thus, the research provided evidence that valproate does not influence the level of serum lithium and does not raise the level of lithium carbonate in serum.
5.2. Clinical Evidence [13]
A clinical trial was set out to investigate the mutual influence of serum concentration of lithium carbonate and sodium valproate (Jin, Ma, Ren, Wang, Xing and Tong, 2011). A total of 24 patients with bipolar mania, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia accompanied by excited agitation were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8 per group). Apart from antipsychotics being administered to all patients, the first group received lithium carbonate; the second group was treated with sustained release sodium valproate and lithium carbonate; whereas the third group received sustained release sodium valproate at a constant dose for 1 week. The concentrations of drugs in serum were measured three times and revealed no significant differences in their levels between the three groups. Thus, the research provided further evidence supporting that mutual influence of lithium carbonate and sodium valproate was not significant.
6. CONCLUSION
In response to low efficacy of previous treatments for bipolar disorder, we reviewed the efficacy and safety of the combination of lithium carbonate and valproate, relative to other available treatments. Provided evidence supported that the combination under investigation is more effective and rapid in improving the symptoms of mania compared with any other single therapy. The review further revealed that lithium carbonate with sodium valproate was more effective than lithium alone in prevention of bipolar disorder, particularly in rapid cycling bipolar [10]. With regard to side effects, the combination of interest was equally safe to compared treatments.
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