Enzyme Substrates Protective Encapsulation within Polymeric Microspheres ()
1. Introduction
Analytical procedures used for assessment of enzymes activity often take advantage of substrates that in course of enzymatic reactions which are converted to fluorescent species. Thus the intensity of fluorescence emission can be related to the enzymatic activity within the sample. This approach, however, can be hindered by the spontaneous reactions of enzymeless substrate decomposition leading to the formation of a fluorescent product. This effect was observed, e.g. for coumarines derivatives used as substrates [1-3]. Occurrence of spontaneous decomposition, especially priori analysis, can result in false elevated results of determination; affecting also the sensitivity of determination. Even if under normal conditions, the rate of spontaneous process is low, in the sufficiently long time scale (as during substrate storage) or in the case of even occasional contact with the environment promoting the occurrence of spontaneous reaction, the effect of decomposition process can be quite substantial. Thus this process can affect, apart from causing analysis imprecision, the cost of analysis as usually substrates are relatively expensive. It seems that the most possible substrates prone to such decomposition are the substrates of hydrolases enzymes, as the enzymatic process is in chemical principles the same as spontaneous one. An efficient method of protection of the enzyme substrate from unwanted spontaneous process, yet not affecting substantially activity during enzymatic reaction, can be of interest as it can potentially lead both to economic and analytical improvements. The best option would be if the applied protocol can offer also additional benefits, e.g. it can improve the sensitivity of enzyme activity determination.
Polymeric moiety, including polyacrylate, seems to be a good candidate to shield the sensitive enzyme substrate from unwanted spontaneous processes. The applicability of these systems for fluorimetirc analysis is also well proven [4-14].
A relatively simple solution, able to meet at least in theory, the above stated requirements for shielding material, is polymeric microspheres [15], especially relatively easy to prepare polyacrylate microspheres. The simple method of microspheres preparation, applying common monomers, is a clear advantage. Moreover, due to small size and favorable surface area to size ratio, microspheres are proven to be good candidates for fluorimetric miniature sensors [e.g. 15,16]. Last but not least, lipophilic character of the polymer can result in sufficient protection and/or can be useful to create an enzyme favorable reaction microenvironment. However, the known slow diffusion of species within the polyacrylate matrix [17,18] can set limitats on the proposed approach.
The aim of this study was to experimentally verify the possibility of protective encapsulation of substrate (yielding in course of reaction a fluorescent product) within the polyacrylate microsphere. As a model system, poly(nbutylacrylate) microspheres were chosen and the possibility of protective encapsulation of lipase from porcine pancreas fluorogenic substrate: 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MUO) was studied. The limited solubility of this substrate in aqueous samples (which does not limit spontaneous hydrolysis) was additional motivation for incurporation of this compound within polymeric microspheres moiety. The effect of inclusion of 4-MUO within the microspheres on its stability was compared with unprotected substrate. Different factors affecting sensitivity of responses are discussed.
2. Experimental
2.1. Apparatus
Varian Cary-Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer were used for all fluorimetric measurements. All measurements were performed using microtiter 96-well plate. Fluorescence emission spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 400 - 600 nm using excitation wavelength 330 nm. The slits used were 5 nm both for excitation and emission, while the detector voltage, unless otherwise stated, was maintained between 800 and 900 V.
Zetasizer NanoZS (Malvern Instruments) with the use DLS (dynamic light scattering), NIBS (Non-Invasive Back Scatter) and M3-PALS technology were used to determine particles size and Zeta potentials. The measurements were conducted after 2 seconds of stabilization in 25˚C, for each measurement 10 repetitions were carried out.
2.3. Reagents
Tetrahydrofuran (THF), n-butyl acrylate (nBA), 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate (HDDA), 2,2-dimethoxy-2-pheny-lacetophenone (DMPP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MUO), tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and albumin from bovine serum (BSA), lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from porcine pancreas (Type II) were from Sigma (Germany).
All other chemicals used were of analytical grade and were obtained from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). Doubly distilled and freshly deionised water was used throughout this work (resistance 18.2 MΩ cm, Milli-Qplus, Millipore, Austria).
2.3. Synthesis of Poly(n-Butyl Acrylate) Microspheres
The synthesis of poly(n-butyl acrylate) microspheres was carried out according to the method of Hall, et al. [16], with some modifications. A mixture of n-butyl acrylate (nBA) (480 μl), HDDA (220 μl) as cross-linker and DMPP (15 mg) as initiator was prepared using an ultrasound probe for 3 min (Heilsher UP200S, cycle: 0.5; amplitude 50%). The mixture was then dispersed in 5 ml of aqueous 1% (w/v) poly(vinyl alcohol) solution (PVA), using again the ultrasound probe (for 5 minutes and amplitude 70%) and was immediately photopolymerized. The polymerization step was carried out using UV light (peak output 320 nm) under argon for 5 min using vigorous stirring of the emulsion.
Following polymerization the solid fraction was separated by centrifugation at 5800 rpm for 10 min. The polymeric spheres obtained were washed with small amount of water, again centrifuged and dispersed in 5 ml of aqueous 1% PVA.
2.4. 4-MUO Solutions and 4-MUO Loaded Microspheres
4-Methylumbelliferyl oleate solutions of different concentrations were prepared, directly before use, by dissolving 4-MUO in THF, if 4-MUO solution was used directly (i.e. without microspheres), this solution was added to water based samples.
To introduce 4-MUO to the microsphere a simple absorption procedure [16] was applied. Unless otherwise stated, microspheres were prepared directly before use. To 1 ml of poly(n-butylacrylate) microspheres suspendsion 0.6 ml of THF based solution of 4-MUO was added (different concentrations of 4-MUO solutions, were applied as indicated in the text, keeping the volume proportion of microspheres suspension to THF solution constant), and the contents was well mixed. Then the mixture was left for 24 hours at 4˚C. After this time, the microspheres were separated by centrifugation at 5800 rpm for 15 min, washed well with water and again centrifugated to finally be dispersed in 1 ml of 1% PVA. Thus obtained 4-MUO loaded microspheres (4-MUO-microspheres) were kept in the fridge until use (<1 h). The different loading of microspheres with 4-MUO achieved is expressed giving the total amount of 4-MUO present in THF solutions used to introduce substrate per 1 ml of microspheres suspension (i.e. the effectively of incorporation is not taken into account while expressing loading of microspheres with 4-MUO).
The effectiveness of 4-MUO incorporation was estimated comparing the fluorescence intensity of the loaded microspheres compared to the fluorescence intensity of supernatant obtained after centrifugation of the loaded microspheres. In this experiment, 20 µl of microspheres or supernatant solutions following incorporation performed for 4-MOU concentrations 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 mg/ml, respectively were mixed with 50 µl of enzyme solution of concentration 2 mg/ml and 180 µl of 10 mmol/dm3 TRIS buffer, the intensity was measured after 30 minutes (detector voltage was set to 1000 V).
2.5. Enzyme Stock Solution/Enzyme Activity
The enzyme exhibited limited solubility in water, thus its stock solution was prepared every day before a series of experiments, using the following procedure: 10 mg of lipase was mixed with 5 ml of TRIS buffer solution (10 mmol/dm3, pH 7.6) and left for 30 min with occasional stirring. Thus obtained suspension was gently centrifuged at 2900 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was collected and used as a stock solution and it was kept until use in fridge.
The assessment of enzyme activity for above mentioned solution was performed using titration procedure adapted from [19]. 2 ml of olive oil was dispersed in 2 ml of 1% PVA solution and 16 ml of deionized water using ultrasound probe. pH of aliquot of this suspension was adjusted with TRIS buffer, the mixture was homogenized using ultrasound probe, 3 ml of thus obtained suspension was mixed with 3 ml of lipase solution prepared as described above and 1 ml of TRIS buffer. Thus obtained sample was incubated for 6 h in water bath of controlled temperature equal to 37˚C ± 0.5˚C, 1 ml portion of the sample was kept for 6 h in fridge. After this time, both solutions were combined and 3.0 ml of ethyl alcohol (96%) was added to stop the enzymatic reaction. The sample was titrated with NaOH solution in the presence of tymolophtalein. The determined activity of the lipase was equal to 0.074 ± 0.006 U/mg, this value was used through the work.
2.6. The Dependence of Fluorescence Emission Intensity on Change of Lipase Activity in Solution
The dependences were recorded on microtitration plates: 30 µl of microspheres loaded with 4-MUO were mixed with appropriate amount of lipase solution (prepared as described above in TRIS buffer) ranging from 0 to 100 µl (stock solution containing 2 mg/ml) and TRIS buffer was added up to 300 µl. After 40 minutes in room temperature, the fluorescence emission spectra were recorded (detector voltage was set to 800 V).
To evaluate the effect of BSA 75 µl of lipase solution in TRIS buffer (2 mg/ml) was mixed in well with 30 µl of microspheres loaded with 4-MUO (1.8 mg 4-MUO/ ml) and with 100 µl of BSA solution in TRIS buffer of chosen concentration (either 0.5 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml; 3 mg/ml; 5 mg/ml or 10 mg/ml) and TRIS buffer was added up to 300 µl. After 40 minutes in room temperature, the fluorescence emission spectra were recorded (detector voltage was set to 700 V).
To evaluate the effect of calcium or sodium ions, 50 µl of lipase solution in TRIS buffer (2 mg/ml) was mixed in well with 30 µl of microspheres loaded with 4-MUO (1.8 mg/ ml) and with 30 µl of calcium or sodium chloride solution of chosen concentration (either 1 mol∙dm−3, 5 × 10−1 mol∙dm−3, 10−1 mol∙dm−3, 5 × 10−2 mol∙dm−3, 10−2 mol∙dm−3, 5 × 10−3 mol·dm−3, 10−3 mol∙dm−3) and TRIS buffer was added up to 300 µl. After 40 minutes in room temperature, the fluorescence emission spectra was recorded (detector voltage was set to 700 V).
For each experiment, two samples were prepared and assessed, the mean fluorescence intensity was used to construct graphs.
2.7. Enzymatic 4-MUO Hydrolysis in Time
For kinetic measurement in well of microtitration plate, 30 µl of microspheres loaded with 4-MUO (0.6 or 0.4 mg/ml) was mixed with 50 µl of enzyme solution in TRIS (2 mg/ml) and TRIS was added up to 250 µl. The change of fluorescence intensity was measured each 5 minutes for total 1 h time (detector voltage was set to 900 V).
2.8. Stability of 4-MUO in Solutions or in Microspheres in Time
To evaluate the effect of spontaneous substrate hydrolysis either in solution or in microspheres: 50 µl of suspension of microspheres loaded with 4-MUO (either 0.6 mg/ml or 1.2 mg/ml) or 50 µl of 4-MUO solution in THF (1 mg/ml) were introduced to Eppendorf vials and 450 µl of one of following solutions was added: 0,1 mol/dm3 HCl, 0.1 mol/dm3 NaOH, 0.01 mol/dm3 TRIS buffer pH = 7.6 and the contents of the vial was mixed. Immutably after mixing 10 µl of each sample was taken, placed in microtitration plate and diluted with 240 µl TRIS buffer and the intensity of fluorescence was measured (t = 0). The prepared mixtures were stored in room temperature or in fridge and the fluorescence intensity was measured periodically in the same way as for t = 0.
For each determination three samples were prepared and assessed, the mean fluorescence intensity was used to construct graphs.
2.9. Evaluation of Microspheres Size and Zeta Potential
Microspheres size and Zeta potential were determined in TRIS buffer solution (pH = 7.6). The samples used were A) polymerized microspheres (as used for introduction of substrate, i.e. before contact with water/THF mixture); B) loaded with 4-MOU from solution containing 1.8 mg/ml of substrate; C) microspheres loaded with 4-MOU from solution containing 1.8 mg/ml of substrate, then left in contact with BSA 0.5 mg/ml for 40 minutes.
3. Results and Discussion
Application of enzyme substrate that in course of enzymatic reaction is converted to fluorescent compound allows relatively easy assessment of enzyme activity. However, the sensitivity of determination can be affected by spontaneous, enzymeless, reactions, e.g. hydrolysis, yielding fluorescent compound. Thus preventing occurrence of spontaneous generation of fluorescent compound, but with no significant effect on availability of the substrate for enzymatic reaction, is challenging. Additional requirement for protection system introduced is to assure interface conditions in which the enzyme (e.g. present in water solution) can react with the substrate that is predominantly soluble in organic solvents. A polymeric microsphere seems to be a suitable choice—due to high surface to volume ratio, the interface is relatively large. Moreover, the microsphere surface is permeable, thus allows ions/molecules exchange between the relatively lipophilic inside of the sphere and outside water based solution. This has been proven by numerous research on polyacrylate based ion-selective electrodes [e.g. 17,18] as well as on polymeric microspheres [4,6,16].
Incorporation of molecules into the polymeric microspheres, in principle, can be achieved either during polymerization [4,6] or afterwards by absorption of molecules to ready spheres, e.g. during microspheres contact with mixed water/THF based solution containing the molecule of choice [15,16]. The latter, relatively simple, method was applied to avoid preliminary (from the point of view microsphere formation) possible contact of 4-MUO with water solution. The fluorescence emission spectra obtained for microspheres loaded with 4-MUO as well as for supernatant from the incorporation process shown maximum of emission intensity at about 450 nm, which is close to typical wavelength of enzymatic hydrolysis product, Figure 1.
The comparison of the fluorescence emission recorded for microspheres and for supernatant solution, for different amounts of 4-MUO being introduced to microspheres, reveals that the ratio of fluorescence intensity for microspheres containing sample to the sum of fluorescence intensities of microspheres suspension and supernatant is constant for tested amounts of 4-MUO present in the solution used for microspheres loading. It is close to 70%, suggesting that most of the reagent used is included in the spheres. Taking into account simplifying assumption
Figure 1. Fluorescence emission spectra of 4-MUO loaded microspheres (0.6 mg/ml) (red line) and supernatant from substrate introduction procedure (black line) recorded after 40 minutes contact with 50 μl solution containing 1.5 U/ml of lipase.
that 4-MUO present in the solution and in the microspheres is in similar way available for enzymatic hydrolysis, the effectiveness of incorporation can be estimated to be independent of the concentration of 4-MUO in solution (within the tested 4-MUO concentration range). It seems possible that the process of incorporation is ruled by partition equilibrium prevailing between the microspheres and solution. Probably it is also to some extent affected by the diffusion of introduced 4-MUO from the surface to the inside of the microsphere, however as incorporation occurs in water THF mixture, where swelling of microspheres is highly possible, these effects are less pronounced during this step.
3.1. Spontaneous Hydrolysis of 4-MUO (in Microspheres and in Solution)
The main motivation for encapsulation of enzymatic reaction substrate within the polymeric microspheres is to prevent spontaneous hydrolysis of this compound, yielding formation of fluorescent species in solution. Thus the effect of storage conditions, in the absence of enzyme, on stability of 4-MUO was studied looking at the formation of fluorescence attributed to spontaneous hydrolysis product, both for 4-MUO in solution and introduced into microspheres, Figure 2.
As it can be seen in Figure 2(a), even short contact (the first measurement of fluorescence intensity was performed about 5 minutes after mixing of sample constituents, on the day experiment was started) of 4-MUO with alkaline solution (in the absence of lipase) leads immediately to pronounced fluorescence intensity of solution. A similar effect was observed in room temperature and when samples were stored at 4˚C, clearly suggesting that predominantly alkaline pH conditions are contributing to
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. Effect of storage conditions on fluorescence emission resulted from spontaneous (enzymeless) hydrolysis studied for mixtures a) 4-MUO in THF solution (1mg/ml) or b) 4-MUO encapsulated in poly(n-butyl acrylate) microspheres (1.2 mg/ml) as a function of time. Fluorescence intensity was measured for samples kept under different conditions: (¿) 0.1 M HCl, t = 25˚C, (n) 0.1 M HCl, t = 4˚C, (p) 0.1 M NaOH, t = 25oC, () 0.1 M NaOH, t = 4˚C, (Ü) 0.01 M TRIS-HCl buffer pH 7.6, t = 25˚C, (Ï) 0.01 M TRIS-HCl buffer pH 7.6, t = 4˚C.
the observed effect.
Contact of 4-MUO with TRIS buffer of pH 6 (conditions close to those of lipase activity assessment) or in HCl solution was leading to increase of fluorescence intensity in time as well. It was found that 4-MUO in solution is relatively most stable when it is stored in acidic conditions (regardless temperature) or in TRIS buffer at 4˚C, Figure 2(a)—under this condition the lowest fluorescence intensity signals were observed.
The above presented results clearly show that spontaneous hydrolysis of 4-MUO is leading to formation of fluorescent products even in the absence of enzyme in solution. Moreover depending on conditions the magnitude of the effect is different, and in some cases even accidental contact of 4-MOU with alkaline solution can significantly deteriorate analytical usefulness of substrate. It should be stressed that degradation of coumarin derivatives has been previously demonstrated by Nyfeler, et al. [3]. In this work it was observed that commercially available 4-methylumbelliferone acyl esters spontaneously hydrolyze at pH 8.8 and higher. Moreover, instability of these compounds even under lipase assay optimal condition was also described [20,21].
On the other hand, Figure 2(b), incorporation of 4- MUO within the poly(n-butylacrylate) microspheres effectively prevents occurrence of spontaneous, enzymeless, hydrolysis. It should be stressed that neither in highly alkaline solutions, nor in longer time scale (6 days), regardless temperature applied formation of fluorescent compounds was observed only to small exten (5% of the highest fluorescence intensity of 4-MUO in solution). This effect clearly shows the applicability and high analytical potential of proposed approach.
3.2. Enzymatic Driven Hydrolysis of 4-MUO Incorporated in Microspheres
The applied protocol of 4-MUO introduction into the poly(n-butylacrylate) microspheres in principle allows incorporation of different amount of fluorogenic substrate, yielding in tunable sensitivity of fluorescence signal for given lipase activity. Indeed, as shown in Figure 3(A) changing concentration of 4-MUO in solution used during substrate introduction to microspheres, results in different intensity of fluorescence emission, for all other parameters (enzyme activity, reaction time and conditions) constant. Thus using the same amount of microspheres, different sensitivity of enzyme activity determination can be achieved. Indeed as shown in Figure 3, depending on the amount of 4-MUO present in the solution used for substrate incorporation in the microspheres, different slope of dependences of fluorescence intensity on enzyme activity was obtained. It should be stressed
Figure 3. Calibration curves obtain with the use of microspheres with various amount of encapsulated 4-MUO: (¿) 0.4 mg/ml, (n) 0.6 mg/ml, (p) 1.2 mg/ml, () 1.8 mg/ml.
that regardless the amount of 4-MUO introduced to the microspheres all dependencies recorded were linear within tested enzyme activities (R2 of all lines > 0.99). For the lowest concentration of 4-MUO used for incurporation, 0.4 mg/ml, the slope of dependence was also the lowest among tested.
Even relatively small increase of 4-MUO concentration during microspheres loading from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/ml, resulted in pronounced increase of slope of the dependence (slope increased by factor 2). Application of yet higher 4-MUO concentration in solution used to introduction of this compound to the microspheres (1.2 mg/ml) resulted in linear dependence of fluorescence intensity vs. enzyme activity in solution of 1.5 times higher slope compared to microspheres loaded with 0.6 mg/ml of 4-MUO, while the linear response range was not affected. Further increase of 4-MUO concentration in solution used to loead poly(n-butylacrylate) microspheres to 1.8 mg/ml did not result in significant increase in sensitivity of fluorescence intensity vs. change of lipase activity, however the obtained dependence was shifted on Y-axis towards higher fluorescence activities, resulting in higher offset of obtained dependence. This result can suggest that some of the incorporated 4-MUO is loosely trapped within the outer region of the microsphere to be readily released upon contact with sample solution.
From the results presented in Figure 3, it is clear that amount of 4-MUO introduced into the microspheres can be easily used to tune sensitivity of determination, which is crucial parameter for analytical performance of microspheres.
Figure 4 presents the change of the fluorescence intensity in time, recorded for microspheres loaded with 4-MUO from either 0.6 mg/ml or 0.4 mg/ml solution of substrate. In both cases a linear increase of fluorescence intensity in time was observed, suggesting that in both