Morphometrical findings among dysplasias of oral, cervical and bronchial regions

Kayo Kuyama, Takashi Matsumoto, Miyuki Morikawa, Akira Fukatsu, Mana Ichimura, Masanobu Wakami, Masahiko Fukumoto, Taku Kato, Hirotsugu Yamamoto

Clinical Laboratory Section, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
Department of Crown and Bridge Orosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hospital of Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
Department of Laboratory Medicine for Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
Department of Oral Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.

DOI: 10.4236/ojst.2013.32037                

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare among dysplasia of oral, uterine cervix and bronchus. Using a computer cytomorphometry cell measurement program, the study was based on a retrospective review of smear cases diagnosed with dysplasia of oral, bronchial and uterine cervix, from 2002 to 2010. For 50 - 70 cells from each lesion, nuclear (N) and cytoplasm (C) variables were assessed: area (A), diameter (D), irregularity (I), stain brightness and granularity. NA and ND were highest in OSCC and higher according to dysplastic grading. By contrast, CA and CD were lowest in severe dysplasia. The significant difference of N/C ratio was observed among OSCC to inflammation, mild and moderate dysplasias (p < 0.05). The N/C ratios of mild and moderate dysplasias were equal. Brightness and granularity values of OSCC cases were significantly higher than those of another (p < 0.05). About the difference between mild to moderate dysplasias, it was the easiest to detect of the uterine cervix. All severe dysplasias among the 3 regions were easily identified morphometrically. The deficient in the difference between inflammation to mild dysplasia and mild to moderate dysplasia were obtained in the oral mucosal lesion. The results displayed a significant variation in cytomorphometrical values among the 3 regions. N/C values for uterine cervix and bronchus were well distinguished in comparison with oral dysplasias. Screening of mild and moderate dysplasias requires experience which carries out the comprehensive judgment of the color.

Keywords

Exfoliative Cytology; Dysplasia; Oral Mucosa; Cervix; Bronchus

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Kuffer, R. and Lombardi, T. (2002) Premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa. A discussion about the place of oral intraepithelial neoplasia (OIN). Oral Oncology, 38, 125- 130. doi:10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00050-1
[2]	Prelle, K., Zink, N. and Wolf, E. (2002) Pluripotent stem cells-model of embryonic development, tools for gene targeting and basis of cell therapy. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 31, 169-186. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00388.x
[3]	Barnes, L., Eveson, J.W., Reichart, P., et al. (2005) Head and neck tumors: epithelial precursor lesions. WHO-classification of tumors. IARC Press, Lyon.
[4]	Sudbø, J., Bryne, M., Johannessen, A.C., et al. (2007) Notice of retraction: Comparison of histological grading and large-scale genomic status (DNA ploidy) as prognostic tools in oral dysplasia. Journal of Pathology, 194, 303-310. doi:10.1002/1096-9896(200107)194:3<303::AID-PATH879>3.0.CO;2-Q
[5]	Papanicolaou, G.N. and Traut, H.F. (1941) The diagnostic value of vaginal smears in carcinoma of the uterus. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 42, 193- 206.
[6]	Papanicolau, G.N. and Traut, H.F. (1943) Diagnosis of uterine cancer by the vaginal smear. The Commonwealth Fund, New York.
[7]	Mayorga, M., Acebo, E. and Val-Bernal, J. (1998) Palisaded encapsulated neuroma of the nasal fossa. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, 19, 141-143. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(98)70196-2
[8]	Saslow, D., Runowicz, C.D., Solomon, D., et al. (2002) American cancer society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 52, 342-362.
[9]	Takac, I., Ursic-Vrscaj, M., Repse-Fokter, A., et al. (2008) Clinicopathological characteristics of cervical cancer between 2003 and 2005, after the introduction of a national cancer screening program in Slovenia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 140, 82-89. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.019
[10]	Cowar, F.J.S. (1943) Carcinoma of the lung: The value of sputum examination in diagnosis. British Journal of Surgery, 30, 193-196. doi:10.1002/bjs.18003011904
[11]	Hampeln, P. (1887) Uber einen fall von primaren lungen pleura-carcinoma. St Petersburg Med Wochenschr, 4, 137-139.
[12]	Davies, D.F. (1966) A review of detection methods for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 19, 819-845. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(66)90002-6
[13]	Lam, B., Lam, S.Y., Wong, M.P., et al. (2008) Sputum cytology examination followed autofluorescence bronchoscopy: A practical way of identifying early stage lung cancer in central airway. Lung Cancer, 64, 289-294. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.09.016
[14]	Montgomery, P.W. (1951) A study of exfoliative cytology of normal human oral mucosa. Journal of Dental Research, 30, 12-18. doi:10.1177/00220345510300010501
[15]	Sandler, H.C. and Stahl, S.S. (1958) Exfoliative cytology as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral neoplasms. Journal of Oral Surgery, 16, 414-419.
[16]	Abdel-Salam, M., Mayall, B.H., Hansen, L.S., et al. (1987) Nuclear DNA analysis of oral hyperplasia and dysplasia using image cytometry. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 16, 431-435. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1987.tb00713.x
[17]	Kashyap, V., Das, D.K. and Luthra, U.K. (1990) Microphotometric nuclear DNA analysis in cervical dysplasia of the uterine cervix: Its relation to the progression to malignancy and regression to normalcy. Neoplasm, 37, 497- 501.
[18]	Greenberg, S.D. (1983) Recent advances in pulmonary cytopathology. Human Pathology, 14, 901-912. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(83)80165-8
[19]	Cowpe, J.G., Longmore, R.B. and Green, M.W. (1985) Quantitative exfoliative cytology of normal oral squames: An age, site and sex related survey. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 78, 995-1004.
[20]	Ogden, G.R. and Cowpe, J.G. (1989) Quantitative cytophotometric analysis of an aid to the detection of recurrent oral cancer. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 27, 224-228. doi:10.1016/0266-4356(89)90149-6
[21]	Rubio, C.A. (1981) Letter to the editors—Cellular changes preceding slight dysplasia of the uterine cervix. Acta Cytologica, 25, 193-195.
[22]	Shaklar, G., Meyer, I., Cataldo, E., et al. (1968) Correlated study of oral cytology and histopathology-report on 2,052 oral lesions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 25, 61-70. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(68)90200-4
[23]	Abbey, L.M., Kaugars, G.E. and Gunsolley, J.C. (1995) Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 80, 188-191. doi:10.1016/S1079-2104(05)80201-X
[24]	Chandler, J.R. (1966) The nonvalue of oral cytology. Archives of Otolaryngology, 84, 527-533. doi:10.1001/archotol.1966.00760030529013
[25]	Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Japanese Society of Pathology, and Japan Radiological Society (1997) The general rules for clinical and pathological management of uterine cervical cancer. 2nd Edition, Kanehara, Tokyo.
[26]	The Japan Lung Cancer Society (2003) General rule for clinical and pathological record of lung cancer. 6th Edition, Kanehara, Tokyo.
[27]	Brickley, M.R., Cowpe, J.G. and Shepherd, J.P. (1996) Performance of a computer simulated neural network trained to categorise normal, premalignant and malignant oral smears. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 25, 424-428. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00291.x
[28]	Cenci, M., Mancini, R., Nofroni, I., et al. (2000) Endocervical atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance: Morphometrical and cytologic characterization of cases that cannot rule out adenocarcinoma in situ. Acta Cytologica, 44, 319-326. doi:10.1159/000328472
[29]	Remmerbach, T.W., Weidenbach H., Pomjanski N., et al. (2001) Cytologic and DNA-cytometric early diagnosis of oral cancer. Analytical Cellular Pathology, 22, 211-221.
[30]	Ito, E. and Kudo, R. (1982) Scanning electron microscopy of normal cells, dyskaryotic cells and malignant cells exfoliated from the uterine cervix. Acta Cytologica, 26, 457-465.
[31]	White, F.H., Jin, Y. and Yang, L. (1997) An evaluation of the role of nuclear cytoplasmic ratios and nuclear volume densities as diagnostic indicators in met plastic, dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the human cheek. Histology and Histopathology, 12, 69-77.
[32]	Kämmerer, P.W., Koch, F.P., Santoro, M., Babaryka, G., Biesterfeld, S., Brieger., J. and Kunkel, M. (2013) Prospective, blinded comparison of cytology and DNA-image cytometry of brush biopsies for early detection of oral malignancy. Oral Oncology, in Press.
[33]	Rich, A.M. and Reade, P.C. (1996) Nuclear morphometry in experimental oral mucosal carconogenesis. European Journal of Cancer Part B: Oral Oncology, 32, 169-175. doi:10.1016/0964-1955(95)00086-0
[34]	Kurman, R.J., Solomon, D., Nayar, R., et al. (2004) The Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology: Definitions, criteria, and explanatory notes. Springer, New York.
[35]	Tucker, J.H., Cowpe, J.G. and Ogden, G.R. (1994) Nuclear DNA content and morphometrical characteristics of normal, premalignant and malignant oral smears. Analytical Cellular Pathology, 6, 117-128.
[36]	Tavassoli, F.A. and Devilee, P. (2003) WHO classification of tumours: Pathology and genetics of tumours of the breast and female genital organs. IARC Press, Lyon.