Castrate Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Options for a Patient in 2012

Asim Ahmad, Winston Tan

Division of Hematology, Oncology Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, USA.
Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/oju.2012.223037                

Abstract

Castrate resistant metastatic prostate cancer remains a fatal disease. Through preclinical studies and clinical trials, a multitude of options have been made available to prolong the life of these patients, as well as improve quality of life. First line treatment options following tumor progression after androgen deprivation therapy include Provenge and docetaxel. Several options are available as second line treatment, including cabazitaxel, abiraterone, and enzalutamide. Many drugs currently being studied are very promising, such as alpharadin. Here we review treatment options for patients suffering from disease progression after androgen deprivation therapy, and offer a review of the current available options for the clinician.

Keywords

Castrate; Resistant; Prostate; Cancer; Treatment; Review

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	“Prostate Cancer Statistics,” 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/statistics
[2]	V. T. DeVita, T. S. Lawrence and S. A. Rosenberg, “Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology,” 2008.
[3]	N. Howlader, “SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Prostate,” 2012. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html
[4]	K. Lassi, N. A. Dawson, “Emerging Therapies in Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer,” Current Opinion in Oncology, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2009, pp. 260-265. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832a1868
[5]	R. M. Attar, C. H. Takimoto and M. M. Gottardis, “Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Locking up the Molecular Escape Routes,” Clinical Cancer Research, Vol. 15, No. 10, 2009, pp. 3251-3255. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1171
[6]	D. R. Berthold, G. Pond, R. de Wit, et al., “Docetaxel plus Prednisone or Mitoxantrone Plus Prednisone for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Updated Survival of Tax 327,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 25, No. 18, 2007, pp. 242-245.
[7]	E. J. Small, et al., “Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial of Immunologic Therapy,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 24, No. 19, 2006, pp. 3089-3093. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5252
[8]	K. Phillip, C. Higano, et al., “Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapy for Castration-Resistant,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 363, No. 5, 2010, pp. 411-422. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001294 PMid:20818862
[9]	C. S. Higano, et al., “Integrated Data from 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trials of Active Cellular Immunotherapy with Sipuleucel-T in Advanced Prostate Cancer,” Cancer, Vol. 115, No. 16, 2009, pp. 3670-3679. doi:10.1002/cncr.24429
[10]	“United States Food and Drug Administration Package Insert,” 2012.
[11]	R. M. Attar, C. H. Takimoto and M. M. Gottardis, “Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Locking up the Molecular Escape Routes,” Clinical Cancer Research, Vol. 15, No. 10, 2009, pp. 3251-3255. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1171
[12]	J. S. de Bono, et al., “Prednisone plus Cabazitaxel or Mitoxantrone for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progressing after Docetaxel Treatment: A Randomised Open-Label Trial,” Lancet, Vol. 376, No. 9746, 2010, pp. 1147-1154. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61389-X
[13]	“National Institutes of Health. Clinical Trials. 20,” 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov/
[14]	G. Attard, et al., “Selective Blockade of Androgenic Steroid Synthesis by Novel Lyase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Strategy for Treating Metastatic Prostate Cancer,” British Journal of Urology International, Vol. 96, No. 9, 2005, pp. 1241-1246. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05821.x
[15]	D. C. Danila, et al., “Phase II Multicenter Study of Abiraterone Acetate Plus Prednisone Therapy in Patients with Docetaxel-Treated Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 28, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1481-149. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.9259
[16]	J. S. de Bono, et al., “Abiraterone and Increased Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 364, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1995-2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014618
[17]	C. Logothetis, “Effect of Abiraterone Acetate on Pain Control and Skeletal-Related Events in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Post Docetaxel: Results from the COU-AA-301 Phase III Study,” 2011.
[18]	K. Fizazi, et al., “Increased Survival with Enzalutamide in Prostate Cancer after Chemotherapy,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 367, 2012, pp. 1187-1197.
[19]	C. J. Ryan, et al., “Interim Analysis (IA) Results of COU-AA-302, a Randomized, Phase III Study of Abiraterone Acetate (AA) in Chemotherapy-Naive Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC),” Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 30, 2012.
[20]	F. Saad, et al., “A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Zoledronic Acid in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma,” Journal of National Cancer Institute, Vol. 94, No. 19, 2002, pp. 1458-1468. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.19.1458
[21]	K. P. Weinfurt, et al., “Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Pain Associated with Bone Metastasis in Patients with Prostate Cancer,” Annals of Oncology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2006, pp. 286-289. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl041
[22]	K. Fizazi, et al., “Denosumab versus Zoledronic Acid for Treatment of Bone Metastases in Men with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Randomised, Double-Blind Study,” Lancet, Vol. 377, No. 9768, 2011, pp. 813-822. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62344-6
[23]	M. Smith, et al., “Denosumab and Bone-Metastasis-Free Survival in Men with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Results of a Phase 3, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Lancet, Vol. 379, No. 9810, 2012, pp. 39-46. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61226-9
[24]	C. Parker, et al., “Updated Analysis of the Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized, Multinational Study of Radium-223 Chloride in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) Patients with Bone Metastases (ALSYMPCA),” Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 30, 2012.
[25]	S. Nilson, P. Strang, et al., “Bone-Targeted Radium-223 in Symptomatic, Hormone Refractory,” European Journal of Cancer, Vol. 48, No. 5, 2012, pp. 678-686.