Swedish Women’S Emotional Experience of the First Trimester in a New Pregnancy after One or More Miscarriages: A Qualitative Interview Study

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate how Swedish women describe their emotional state of being during the eighth week through the eleventh week after they have become pregnant again after suffering a previous miscarriage. Method: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been used to analyze fourteen interviews that served as the data base for this study. The content analysis resulted in the development of five categories which evolved into one primary theme. Findings: The five categories identified were Worry and preoccupation; Distance; managing their feelings; Mourning what is lost; Guarded happiness and expectations. These categories were compiled into a main theme, “Worry consumes a lot of energy, but on the other side lies happiness”. This theme focused on whether the women could feel any happiness about being pregnant again despite their concerns with the previous miscarriage. Conclusions: The emotional states of the women when they get pregnant again are typically characterized by anxiety, worry and concerns about their current pregnancy. The women have a tendency to distance themselves emotionally from their pregnancy but also strive to find the joy of being pregnant again. During the new pregnancy they find themselves in need of support from their family and friends as well as in need of support from the healthcare system.

Share and Cite:

A. Adolfsson, C. Johansson and E. Nilsson, "Swedish Women’S Emotional Experience of the First Trimester in a New Pregnancy after One or More Miscarriages: A Qualitative Interview Study," Advances in Sexual Medicine, Vol. 2 No. 3, 2012, pp. 38-45. doi: 10.4236/asm.2012.23007.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] A. Adolfsson, P.G. Larsson, B. Wijma, C. Bertero. Guilt and emptiness: Women′s experiences of miscarriage, Health Care for Women International, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2004, pp. 543-560.
[2] A. Adolfsson, P.G. Larsson. Cumulative incidence of previous spontaneous abortion, in: Sweden 1983-2003: A register study, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Vol. 85, No. 6, 2006, pp. 741-747.
[3] D. Coté-Arsenault. Threat appraisal, coping, and emotions across pregnancy subsequent to perinatal loss, Nursing Research, Vo. 56, No. 2, 2007, pp 108-111.
[4] M. Whitworth, L. Bricke, J.P. Neilson, T. Dowswell, Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4 [Internet] Available at: http://onlinelibrry.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007058/frame.html.[accessed 12-04-2010].
[5] A.M. Nybo Andersen, J. Wohlfarth, P. Christens, J. Olsen, M. Melbye. Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. British Medical Journal, Vol. 320, No. 7251, 2000, pp.1708-1712.
[6] E. Hemminki, E. Forssas, Epidemiology of miscarriage and its relation to other reproductive events in Finland. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 181, No. 2, 1999, pp. 396-401.
[7] Modifications Recommended by FIGO as Amended October 14. WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica, Vol. 56, 1977, pp. 247-253.
[8] J.G. Bruhn, The two sides of worry. Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 83, No. 5, 1990, pp. 557-562.
[9] T. Bondas, K. Eriksson. Women's lived experiences of pregnancy: A tapestry of joy and suffering. Qualitative Health Research. Vol. 11, 2001, pp. 824-840.
[10] B. Wickberg, Psychological instance during pregnancy and the time postpartum – a method to maternity health care. [Psykologiska insatser under graviditet och postpartumtiden metod for modrahalsovarden], in: B. Sjogren B (Ed.), Psykosocial obstetrik, Kropp sjal och barnafodande. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 2005, pp. 71-88.
[11] H. Rowe, Spontaneous pregnancy loss, in: Mental health aspects of women′s reproductive health: A global review of the literature. WHO 2009. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563567_eng.pdf [Accessed 07-07-2012].
[12] K.M. Swanson, S. Connor, S.N. Jolley, M. Pettinato, T.J. Wang. Context and evolution of women′s responses to miscarriage during the first year after loss. Research in Nursing and Health. Vol. 30, No. 1, 2007, pp. 2-16.
[13] F. Blohm, M. Hahlin, S. Nielsen, M. Milsom. Fertility after a randomized trial of spontaneous abortion managed by surgical evacuation or expectant treatment. The Lancet, Vol. 349, No. 9057, 1997, pp. 995.
[14] U.H. Graneheim, B. Lundman. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2004, pp. 105-112.
[15] A. Adolfsson, C. Bertero, P.G. Larsson. Effect of a structured follow-up visit to a midwife on women with early miscarriage: a randomized study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Vol. 85, No. 3, 2006, pp. 330-335.
[16] D.F. Polit, C.T. Beck, Nursing Research: Principles and Methods, 7th ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2004.
[17] S. Kvale, S. Brinkmann, Interviews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2009.
[18] CODEX-rules and guidelines for research. http://www.codex.vr.se/en/index.shtml. [Accessed 07-07-2012].
[19] D. Coté-Arsenault, K. Donato, S. Sullivan. Watching and worrying: Early pregnancy after loss experiences. MCN The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, Vol. 31, No. (2006) 356-63.
[20] D. Armstong, M. Hutti, Pregnancy after perinatal loss: the relationship between anxiety and prenatal attachment, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing Vol. 27, 1998, pp. 183-189.
[21] C. Woods-Giscombé, M. Lobel, J. Crandell. The impact of miscarriage and parity on patterns of maternal distress in pregnancy. Research in Nursing and Health, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2010, pp. 316-328.
[22] D. Coté-Arsenault. The influence of perinatal loss on anxiety in multigravidas. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, Vol. 32. No. 5, 2003, pp. 623-629.
[23] D. Armstrong. Impact of prior perinatal loss on subsequent pregnancies, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, Vol. 33, No. 6, 2004, pp. 765-773.
[24] M. Johnson, E. Tsartsara. The impact of miscarriage on women's pregnancy-specific anxiety and feelings of prenatal maternal-fetal attachment during the course of a subsequent pregnancy: an exploratory follow-up study Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 27. No. 3, 2006, pp. 173-182.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.