Hexavalent Chromium Removal by Citrus limonium Shell

Juan Manuel Vargas-Morales, Diana Bautista-Mata, Juan F. Cárdenas-González, Víctor Manuel Martínez-Juárez, Ismael Acosta-Rodríguez

área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, México.
Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.

DOI: 10.4236/ojinm.2012.23003                

Abstract

We studied the Chromium(VI) removal capacity in aqueous solution by the lemon shell, using the diphenylcarbazide method to evaluate the metal concentration. So, the highest biosorption of the metal (50 mg/L) occurs within 100 minutes, at pH of 1.0, and 28°C. According to temperature, the highest removal was observed at 60°C, in 11 minutes, when the metal (1 g/L) is completely adsorbed. At the analyzed concentrations of Cr(VI), lemon shell, showed excellent removal capacity, besides it removes efficiently the metal in situ (97.2% removal, 7 days of incubation, 5 g of biomass). After 1 hour of incubation the studied biomass reduces 1.0 g of Cr(VI) with the simultaneous production of Cr(III); so it can be used to eliminate it from industrial wastewater.

Keywords

Chromium(VI); Biosorption; Remotion; Biomass; Chromium(III)

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	R. S. Bai and T. E. Abraham, “Biosorption of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Rhizopus nigricans,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2001, pp. 73-81. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00107-3
[2]	W. A. Smith, W. A. Apel, J. N. Petersen and B. M. Peyton, “Effect of Carbon and Energy Source on Bacterial Chromate Reduction,” Bioremediation Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2002, pp. 205-215. doi:10.1080/10889860290777567
[3]	H. Seng and Y. T. Wang, “Biological Reduction of Chromium by E. coli,” Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 3, 1994, pp. 560-572. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:3(560)
[4]	T. L. Marsh and M. J. McInerney, “Relationship of Hydrogen Bioavailability to Chromate Reduction in Aquifer Sediments,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 67, No. 4, 2001, pp. 1517-1521. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.4.1517-1521.2001
[5]	S. Beszedits, “Chromium Removal from Industrial Wastewaters,” In: J. O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer, Eds., Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, John Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 232-263.
[6]	G. Lofroth and B. N. Ames, “Mutagenicity of Inorganic Compounds in Salmonella typhimurium: Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium,” Mutation Research, Vol. 53, No. 1, 1978, pp. 65-66.
[7]	D. Park, Y. S. Yun, H. Y. Cho and J. M. Park, “Chromium Biosorption by Thermally Treated Biomass of the Brown Seaweed, Ecklonia sp.,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43, No. 26, 2004, pp. 82268232. doi:10.1021/ie049323k
[8]	Y. Sahin and A. ?ztürk, “Biosorption of Chromium (VI) Ions from Aqueous Solution by the Bacterium Bacillus thuriengensis,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2005, pp. 1895-1901. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2004.07.002
[9]	B. Volesky and Z. R. Holan, “Biosorption of Heavy Metals,” Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1995, pp. 235-250. doi:10.1021/bp00033a001
[10]	S. Chen, Q. Yue, B. Gao, Q. Li and X. Xu, “Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Corn Stalks: Characteristic, Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 168, No. 2, 2011, pp. 909-917. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.063
[11]	G. Cimino, A. Passerini and G. Toscano, “Removal of Toxic Cations and Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution by Halzelnut shell,” Water Research, Vol. 34, No. 11, 2000, pp. 2955-2962. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00048-8
[12]	A. B. Pérez-Marín, et al., “Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Orange Waste,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 139, No. 1, 2007, pp. 122-131. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.008
[13]	I. Acosta, V. López, E. Coronado, J. F. Cárdenasa and V. M. Martínez, “Remoción de Cromo(VI) Por la Biomasa de la Cáscara de Tamarindo, (Tamarindus indica),” Revista de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2010, pp. 11-23.
[14]	N. R. N. Razmovski and M. B. Sciban, “Effect of Different Conditions on Cu(II) and Cr(VI) Biosorption by Dried Waste Tea Fungal Biomass,” Acta Periodica Technologica, Vol. 38, 2007, pp. 1-19.
[15]	M. V. Aldrich, J. L. GardeaTorresdey, J. R. Peralta Videa and J. G. Parsons, “Uptake and Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Mesquite (Prosopis ssp.): Chromate-Plant Interaction in Hydroponics and Solid Media Studied Using XAS,” Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 37, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1859-1864. doi:10.1021/es0208916
[16]	V. Sarin and K. K. Pant, “Removal of Chromium from Industrial Waste by Using Eucalyptus Bark,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97, No. 1, 2006, pp. 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.010
[17]	F. Shafqat, H. N. Bhatti, M. A. Hanif and A. Zubair, “Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Sorption from Aqueous Solution Using Rosagruss an Teplitz (Red rose) Waste Biomass,” Journal Chile Chemistry Society, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2008, pp. 1667-1672.
[18]	N. Fiol, C. Escudero and I. Villaescusa, “Chromium Sorption and Cr(VI) Reduction to Cr(III) by Grape Stalks and Yohimbe Bark,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 11, 2008, pp. 5030-5036. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.007
[19]	A. E. Greenberg, L. S. Clesceri and A. D. Eaton, “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” 18th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1992.
[20]	R. P. Pantaler and I. V. Pulyaeva, “A Spectrophotometric Study of Complexation between Chromium and Chromazurol S,” Analytical Chemistry (Moscow), Vol. 40, 1985, pp. 1634-1639.
[21]	V. K. Gupta, A. K. Shrivastava and N. Jain, “Biosorption of Chromium(VI) from Aqueous Solution by Green Algae Spirogyra Species” Water Research, Vol. 35, No. 17, 2001, pp. 4079-4085. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00138-5
[22]	G. S. Agarwal, H. Kumar and S. Chaudari, “Biosorption of Aqueous Chromium(VI) by Tamarindus indica seeds,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97, No. 7, 2006, pp. 949956. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.030
[23]	M. Dakiki, M. Khamis, A. Manassra and M. Mereb, “Selective Adsorption of Chromium(VI) in Industrial Wastewater Using Low Cost Abundantly Adsorbents,” Advances Environmental Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2002, pp. 533-540. doi:10.1016/S1093-0191(01)00079-X
[24]	R. S. Popuri, A. Jammala, K. Naga Suresh and K. Abuburi, “Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium Using Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) Fruit Shell—A Comparative Study,” Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2007, pp. 358-367.
[25]	A. Zubair, H. N. Bhatti, M. A. Hanif and F. Shafqat, “Kinetic and Equilibrium Modeling for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Citrus reticulatawaste Biomass,” Water Air Soil Pollution, Vol. 191, No. 1-4, 2008, pp. 305-318. doi:10.1007/s11270-008-9626-y
[26]	M. Sharanavard, A. Ahmadpourand and M. Reza Doosti, “Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium Ions from Aqueous Solutions using Almond Green Hull as a Low-Cost Biosorbent,” European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 58, No. 3, 2011, pp. 392-400.
[27]	R. Leyva-Ramos, L. A. Bernal-Jacome and I. AcostaRodriguez, “Adsorption of Cadmium(II) from Aqueous Solution on Natural and Oxidized Corncob,” Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2005, pp. 41-49. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2005.02.005
[28]	M. H. Jnr and A. I. Spiff, “Effects of Temperature on the Sorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solution by Caladium bicolor (Wild Cocoyam) Biomass,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2005, pp. 162169. doi:10.2225/vol8-issue2-fulltext-4
[29]	A. Ozer and D. Ozer, “Comparitive Study of the Biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) Ions onto S. cerevisiae: Determination of Biosorption Heats,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 100, No. 1-3, 2003, pp. 219-229. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00109-2
[30]	Y. Sag and Y. Aktay, “Kinetic Studies on Sorption of Cr(VI) and CU(II) Ions by Chitin, Chitosan and Rhizopus arrhizus,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2002, pp. 143-153. doi:10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00068-2
[31]	G. Arthanareeswaran, P. Thanikaivelan, N. Jaya, D. Mohan and M. Raajenthiren, “Removal of Chromium From Aqueous Solution Using Cellulose Acetate and Sulfonated Poly (Ether Ketone) Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, 2002, pp. 43-153.
[32]	M. A. Hanif, R. Nadeem, H. N. Bhatti, N. R. Ahmad and T. M. Ansari, “Ni(II) Biosorption by Cassia fistula (Golden Shower) Biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 139, No. 2, 2007, pp. 345-355. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.040
[33]	C. Cervantes, J. Campos-García, S. Devars, F. GutiérrezCorona, H. Loza-Tavera, J. C. Torres-Gúzman and R. Moreno-Sánchez, “Interactions of Chromium with Microorganisms and Plants,” FEMS Microbiology Review, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2001, pp. 335-347. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00581.x
[34]	N. Tewari, P. Vasudevan and B. Guha, “Study on Biosorption of Cr(VI) by Mucor hiemalis,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2005, pp. 185-192. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2005.01.011
[35]	R. Ramírez-Ramírez, C. Calvo-Méndez, M. Avila-Rodríguez, P. Lappe, M. Ulloa, R. Vázquez-Juárez and J. F. Gutiérrez-Corona, “Cr(VI) Reduction in a Chromate-ReSistant Strain of Candida maltose Isolated from the Leather Industry,” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 85, No. 1, 2004, pp. 63-68. doi:10.1023/B:ANTO.0000020151.22858.7f
[36]	D. Park, Y. S. Yung and J. M. Park, “Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium with the Brown Seaweed Ecklonia Biomass,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38, No. 18, 2004, pp. 4860-4864. doi:10.1021/es035329+
[37]	I. Acosta, P. Sandoval, D. Bautista, N. Hernández, J. F. Cárdenas and V. M. Martínez, “Bioadsorción de Cromo(VI) Por la Cáscara de Mamey (Mammea americana L.),” Avances en Ciencias e Ingeniería, Vol. 3, No. 2, in Press 2012.
[38]	J. F. Cárdenas-González and I. Acosta-Rodríguez “Hexavalent Chromium Removal by a Paecilomyces sp. Fungal,” In: S. S. Shaukat, Ed., Progress in Biomass and Bioenergy Production, 2011, pp. 133-150.
[39]	X. R. Xu, H. B. Li, J. D. Gu and X. Y. Li, “Kinetics of the Reduction of Chromium(VI) by Vitamin C,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 6, 2005, pp. 1310-1314. doi:10.1897/04-238R.1
[40]	Y. Liu, et al., “Remediation of Cr(VI) in Solution Using Vitamin C,” Journal of Zhejiang University Science, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2005, pp. 540-542. doi:10.1631/jzus.2005.B0540
[41]	T. Fukuda, Y. Ishino, A. Ogawa, K. Tsutsumi and H. Morita, “Cr(VI) Reduction from Contaminated Soils by Aspergillus sp. N2 and Penicillium sp. N3 Isolated from Chromium Deposits,” Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2008, pp. 295-303. doi:10.2323/jgam.54.295
[42]	K. K. Singh, S. H. Hasan, M. Talat, V. K. Singh and S. K. Gangwar, “Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Wheat Bran,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 151, No. 1-3, 2009, pp. 113-121. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.003
[43]	S. Gupta and B. V. Babu, “Removal of Toxic Metal Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Sawdust as Adsorbent: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Regeneration Studies,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 150, No. 2-3, 2009, pp. 352-365. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.013
[44]	X. S. Wang, Y. P. Tang and S. R. Tao, “Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Low-Cost Adsorbent Alligator Weed,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 148, No. 2-3, 2009, pp. 217-225. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.020