Effect of Melt Scan Rate on Microstructure and Macrostructure for Electron Beam Melting of Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract

Microstructure and variations in porosity in Ti-6Al-4V samples built with electron beam melting (EBM) over a range of melt scan speeds, ranging from 100 mm·s-1 to 1000 mm·s-1 were examined. Microstructure was characterized by refinement of α-phase and transformation to α′-martensite. Light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe these phenomena, while corresponding tensile testing and associated macro and microindentation hardness measurements were used to define the microstructural variations. Relative stiffness was observed to be linearly log-log related to relative density, corresponding to ideal porosity associated with open-cellular structures.

Share and Cite:

K. Puebla, L. E. Murr, S. M. Gaytan, E. Martinez, F. Medina and R. B. Wicker, "Effect of Melt Scan Rate on Microstructure and Macrostructure for Electron Beam Melting of Ti-6Al-4V," Materials Sciences and Applications, Vol. 3 No. 5, 2012, pp. 259-264. doi: 10.4236/msa.2012.35038.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] S. M. Gaytan, L. E. Murr, D. A. Ramirez, B. I. Machado, E. Martinez, D. H. Hernandez, J. L. Martinez, F. Medina and R. B. Wicker, “A TEM Study of Cobalt-Base Alloy Prototypes Fabricated by EBM,” Materials Science and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011, pp. 355-363. doi:10.4236/msa.2011.25046
[2] L. E. Murr, E. Martinez, S. M. Gaytan and D. A. Ramirez, “Contributions of Light Optical Microscopy to Contemporary Materials Characterization: The New Directional Solidification,” Metallography, Microstructure and Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012. doi:10.1007/s13632-011-0002-8
[3] L. E. Murr, S. M. Gaytan, D. A. Ramirez, E. Martinez, J. Hernandez, K. N. Amato, P. W. Shindo, F. R. Medina and R. B. Wicker, “Metal Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing Using Laser and Electron Beam Melting Technologies,” Journal of Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-14. doi:10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60016-4
[4] L. Thijs, F. Verhaeghe, T. Craeghs, J. Van Humbeeck, and J.-P. Kruth, “A Study of the Microstructural Evolution During Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V,” Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, No. 9, 2010, pp. 3303-3312. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.004
[5] L. E. Murr, S. A. Quinones, S. M. Gaytan, M. I. Lopez, A. Rodela, E. Y. Martinez, D. H. Hernandez, E. Martinez, F. Medina and R. B. Wicker, “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V for Biomedical Applications Produced by Rapid-Layer Manufacturing,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009, pp. 20-32. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.05.004
[6] S. M. Gaytan, L. E. Murr, F. Medina, E. Martinez, M. I. Lopez and R. B. Wicker, “Advanced Metal Powder-Based Manufacturing of Complex Components by Electron Beam Melting,” Materials Technology: Advanced Performance Materials, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2009, pp. 180-190.
[7] L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, “The Mechanics of ThreeDimensional Cellular Materials,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. 382, No. 1782, 1982, pp. 43-59. doi:10.1098/rspa.1982.0088
[8] L. E. Murr, S. M. Gaytan, F. Medina, H. Lopez, E. Martinez, B. I. Machado, D. H. Hernandez, L. Martinez, M. I. Lopez, L. B. Wicker and J. Bracke, “Next Generation Biomedical Implants Using Additive Manufacturing of Complex Cellular and Functional Mesh Arrays,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, Vol. 368, No. 1917, 2010, pp. 1999-2032. doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0010
[9] L. E. Murr, K. N. Amato, S. J. Li, Y-X Tian, X-Y Cheng, S. M. Gaytan, E. Martinez, P. W. Shindo, F. Medina and R. B. Wicker, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Open-Cellular Biomaterials Prototypes for Total Knee Replacement Implants Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 4, No. 7, 2011, pp. 1396-1411. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.010

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.