Juvenile rainbow trout responses to diets containing distillers dried grain with solubles, phytase, and amino acid supplements

Abstract

Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was evaluated in juvenile Shasta-strain rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss diets during a 36-day feeding trial. Two experimental diets containing either 10% or 20% DDGS with supplemented amino acids (lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and his-tidine) and phytase were compared to a fish meal-only control diet. Tanks of trout receiving diets containing either concentration of DDGS weighed significantly less at the end of the trial and had significantly poorer feed conversion ratios than tanks of fish being fed the fish meal- only control. There was no significant difference in individual fish length, weight, condition factor, or any fish health measurements among diet treatments. Both the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were significantly less in the fish fed 10% DDGS than those fed the control diet. Body fat was significantly greater in the fish receiving 20% DDGS compared to fish fed either of the other two diets. Fillet composition, as determined by crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and water, was not significantly different among fish reared on any of the diets. There was also no significant difference in estimated protein digestibility coefficients among fish receiving any of the diets. The results suggest that DDGS, even if supplemented with essential amino acids and phytase, will lead to decreased juvenile rainbow trout growth at dietary concentrations of at 10% or greater.

Share and Cite:

Barnes, M. , Brown, M. and Rosentrater, K. (2012) Juvenile rainbow trout responses to diets containing distillers dried grain with solubles, phytase, and amino acid supplements. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2, 69-77. doi: 10.4236/ojas.2012.22011.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Satia, B.P. (1974) Quantitative protein requirements of rainbow trout. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 36, 80-85. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1974)36[80:QPRORT]2.0.CO;2
[2] Kim, K.I., Kayes, T.B. and Amundson, C.H. (1991) Purified diet development and reevaluation of the dietary protein requirement of fingerling rainbow trout. (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 96, 57-67. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90139-X
[3] National Research Council (NRC) (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
[4] Cheng, Z.J. and Hardy, R.W. (2004) Nutritional value of diets containing distiller’s dried grain with solubles for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 15, 101-113. doi:10.1300/J028v15n03_08
[5] Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2008) Global overview of the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture, 285, 146-158. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015
[6] Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations [FAO] (2009) The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00.HTM
[7] Hardy, R.W. (2010) Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: Effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquaculture Research, 41, 770-776. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x
[8] Rosentrater, K.A. and Muthukumarappan, K. (2006) Corn ethanol coproducts: Generation properties, and future prospects. International Sugar Journal, 108, 648 657.
[9] Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) (2011) Biorefinery locations.http://www.ethanolrfa.org/bio-refinery-locations
[10] Wu, Y.V., Rosati, R.R. and Brown, P.B. (1997) Use of corn-derived ethanol products and synthetic lysine and tryptophan for growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 2174-2177. doi:10.1021/jf960880u
[11] Spiehs, M.J., Whitney, M.H. and Shurson, G.C. (2002) Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science, 80, 2639-2645.
[12] Jauncey, K. and Ross, B. (1982) A guide to tilapia feeds and feeding. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling.
[13] Wilson, R.P. and Poe, W.E. (1985) Effects of feeding soybean meal with varying trypsin inhibitor activities on growth of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture, 46, 19- 25. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(85)90171-1
[14] Shiau, S.Y., Chuang, J. L. and Sun, G. L. (1987) Inclusion of soybean meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) diets at two protein levels. Aquaculture, 65, 251- 261. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(87)90238-9
[15] Robinson, E.H. (1991) Improvement of cottonseed meal protein with supplemental lysine in feeds for channel catfish. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1, 1-14. doi:10.1300/J028v01n02_01
[16] Chevanan, N., Rosentrater, K.A. and Muthukumarappan, K. (2008) Effect of DDGS, moisture content, and screw speed on the physical properties of extrudates in single screw extrusion. Cereal Chemistry, 85, 132-139. doi:10.1094/CCHEM-85-2-0132
[17] Phillips, A.M. (1949) Fisheries Research Bulletin No. 13. Cortland Hatchery Reports No. 18, Cortland., New York.
[18] Sinnhuber, R.O. (1964) Pelleted fish food. Feedstuffs, 36, 16.
[19] Phillips, A.M., Hammer, G.L., Edwards, J.P. and Hosking, H.F. (1964) Dry concentrates as complete trout foods for growth and egg production. Progressive Fish- Culturist, 26, 155-159. doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1964)26[155:DCACTF]2.0.CO;2
[20] Fowler, L.G. and Banks, J.L. (1976) Fish meal and wheat germ substitutes in the Abernathy diet. Progressive Fish- Culturist, 38, 127-130. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1976)38[127:FMAWGM]2.0.CO;2
[21] Hughes, S.G. (1987) Distillers products in salmonid diets. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Conferences, 4, 27-31.
[22] Stone, D.A., Hardy, R.W., Barrows, F.T. and Cheng, Z.J. (2005) Effects of extrusion on nutritional value of diets containing corn gluten meal and corn distiller’s dried grain for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 17, 1-20. doi:10.1300/J028v17n03_01
[23] Cheng, Z.J., Hardy, R.W. and Blair, M. (2003) Effects of supplementing methionine hydroxyl analogue in soybean meal and distillers dried grain-based diets on the performance and nutrient retention of rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)]. Aquaculture Research, 34, 1303-1310. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00940.x
[24] Cheng, Z.J. and Hardy, R.W. (2004) Effect of microbial phytase supplementation in corn distiller’s dried grain with solubles on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 15, 83-100. doi:10.1300/J028v15n03_07
[25] Buterbaugh, G.L. and Willoughby, H. (1967). A feeding guide for brook, brown and rainbow trout. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 29, 210-215. doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1967)29[210:AFGFBB]2.0.CO;2
[26] Cheng, Z.J., Hardy, R.W. and Usry, J.L. (2003) Effects of lysine supplementation in plant protein-based diets on the performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Aquaculture, 215, 255 265. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00166-7
[27] Barrows, F.T., Gaylord, T.G., Sealey, W.M., Porter, L. and Smith, C.E. (2008) The effect of vitamin premix in extruded plant-based and fish-meal based diets on growth efficiency and health of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 283, 148-155. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.014
[28] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2009) Official Methods of for Analysis, (online version). http://www.eoma.aoac.org/
[29] American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) (2000) Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. 10th Edition, AACC, St. Paul.
[30] Goede, R.W. and Barton, B.A. (1990) Organismic indices and an autopsy-based assessment as indicators of health and condition in fish. In: Adam, S.M., Ed., Biological Indicators of Stress in Fish, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 93-108.
[31] Adams, S.M., Brown, A.M. and Goede, R.W. (1993) A quantitative health assessment index for rapid evaluation of fish condition in the field. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 122, 63-73. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0063:AQHAIF>2.3.CO;2
[32] Barton, B.A., Morgan, J.D. and Vijayan, M.M. (2002) Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish. In: Adams, S.M., Ed., Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 111-148.
[33] Strange, R.J. (1996) Field examination of fishes. In: Murphy, B.R. and Willis D.W., Eds., Fisheries Techniques, 2nd Edition, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 433-466.
[34] Windell, J.T., Foltz, J.W. and Sarokon, J.A. (1978) Method of faecal collection and nutrient leaching in digestibility studies. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 40, 51-55. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1978)40[51:MOFCAN]2.0.CO;2
[35] Kuehl, R.O. (2000) Design of experiments: Statistical principles of research design and analysis. 2nd Edition, Brookes/Cole, Pacific Grove.
[36] Jeong, K.S., Takeuchi, T. and Watanabe, T. (1991) Improvement of nutritional quality of carbohydrate ingredients by extrusion processes in diets of red seabream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57, 1543-1549. doi:10.2331/suisan.57.1543
[37] Cheng, Z.J. and Hardy, R.W. (2003) Effects of extrusion processing of feed ingredients on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition, 9, 77-83. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00226.x
[38] Glencross, B., Hawkins, W., Evans, D., Rutherford, N., McCafferty, P., Dods, K. and Hauler, R. (2011) A comparison of the effect of diet extrusion or screw-press pelleting on the digestibility of grain protein products when fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 312, 154-161. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.12.025
[39] Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, T., Satoh, S. and Kiron, V. (1996) Digestible crude protein contents of various feedstuffs determined with four freshwater species. Fisheries Science, 62, 278-282.
[40] Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, T., Satoh, S. and Kiron, V. (1996) Methodological influences and mode of calculation. Fisheries Science, 62, 288-292.
[41] Azevedo, P.A., Cho, C.Y., Leeson, S. and Bureau, D.P. (1998) Effects of feeding level and water temperature on growth, nutrient and energy utilization and waste outputs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Living Resources, 11, 227-238. doi:10.1016/S0990-7440(98)89005-0
[42] Belyea, R.L., Eckhoff, S.R., Wallig, M.A. and Tumbleson, M.E. (1998) Variability in the nutritional quality of distillers solubles. Bioresource Technology, 66, 207-212. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00062-5
[43] Abo-State, H.A., Tahoun, A.M. and Hammouda, Y.A. (2009) Effect of replacement of soybean by DDGS combined with commercial phytase on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings growth performance and feed utilization. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5, 473-479.
[44] Lanari, D., D’Agaro, E. and Turri, C. (1998) Use of non- linear regression to evaluate the effects of phytase enzyme treatment of plant protein diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 161, 345-356. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00282-2
[45] Vielma, J., Lall, S.P., Koskela, J., Schoner, F.J. and Mattila, P. (1998) Effects of dietary phytase and cholecalciferol on the trace element metabolism by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 163, 309-323. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00240-3
[46] Forster, I., Higgs, D.A., Dosanjh, B.S., Rowshandeli, M. and Parr, J. (1999) Potential for dietary phytase to improve the nutritive value of canola protein concentrate and decrease phosphorous output in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) held in 11?C fresh water. Aquaculture, 179, 109-125. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00156-8
[47] Vielma, J., M?kinen, T., Ekholm, P. and Koskela, J. (2000) Influence of dietary soy and phytase levels on performance and body composition of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and algal availability of phosphorous load. Aquaculture, 183, 349-362. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00299-9
[48] Dalsgaard, J., Ekmann, K.S., Pedersen, P.B. and Verlhac, V. (2009) Effect of supplemented fungal phytase on performance and phosphorus availability by phosphorus-de- pleted juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and on the magnitude and composition of phosphorus waste output. Aquaculture, 286, 105-112. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.007
[49] Sajjadi, M. and Carter, C.G. (2004) Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola-meal-based diet. Aquaculture, 240, 417-431. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.07.003
[50] Yoo, G.-Y., Wang, X., Choi, S., Han, K., Kang, J.-C. and Bai, S.C. (2005) Dietary microbial phytase increased the phosphorous digestibility in juvenile Korean rockfish Sebaste schlegeli fed diets containing soybean meal. Aquaculture, 243, 315-322. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.10.025
[51] Denstadli, V., Storebakken, T., Svihus, B. and Skrede, A. (2007) A comparison of online phytase pre-treatment of vegetable feed ingredients and phytase coating in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared in cold water. Aquaculture, 269, 414-426. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.033
[52] Lim, S.-J. and Lee, K.-J. (2009) Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Aquaculture, 290, 283-289. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.018
[53] Nwanna, R.E., Eisenreich, R. and Schwarz, F.J. (2007) Effect of wet-incubation of dietary plant feedstuffs with phytases on growth and mineral digestibility by common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Aquaculture, 271, 461-468. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.020
[54] Liebert, F. and Portz, L. (2005) Nutrient utilization and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed plant based low phosphorus diets supplemented with graded levels of different sources of microbial phytase. Aquaculture, 248, 111-119. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.009
[55] Cain, K.D. and Garling, D.L. (1995) Pre-treatment of soybean meal with phytase for salmonids diets to reduce phosphorus concentrations in hatchery effluents. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 57, 114-119. doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057<0114:POSMWP>2.3.CO;2
[56] Jackson, L.S., Li, M.H. and Robinson, E.H. (1996) Use of microbial phytase in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus diets to improve utilization of phytate phosphorus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27, 309-313. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00613.x
[57] Li, M.H. and Robinson, E.H. (1997) Microbial phytase can replace inorganic phosphorus supplements in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 28, 402-406. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00287.x
[58] Rodehutscord, M. and Pfeffer, E. (1995) Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility and utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Water Science and Technology, 31, 143-147. doi:10.1016/0273-1223(95)00433-N
[59] Sugiura, S.H., Gabaudan, J., Dong, F.M. and Hardy, R.W. (2001) Dietary microbial phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus, trace minerals and protein by rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)] fed soybean meal based diets. Aquaculture Research, 32, 583- 592. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00581.x
[60] Cao, L., Wang, W., Yang, C., Yang, Y., Diana, J., Yaku- pitiyage, A., Luo, Z. and Li, D. (2007) Application of microbial phytase in fish feed. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40, 497-507. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.007
[61] Krogdahl, A., Lea, T.B. and Olli, J.J. (1993) Soybean proteinase inhibitors affect intestinal trypsin activities and amino acid digestibilities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 107, 215 219. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)90296-8
[62] Pongmaneerat, J., Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, T. and Satoh, S. (1993) Use of different protein meals as partial or total substitution for fish meal in carp diets. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59, 1249-1257. doi:10.2331/suisan.59.1249
[63] Rodehutscord, M., Becker, A., Pack, M. and Pfeffer, E. (1997) Response of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to supplements of individual essential amino acids in a semipurified diet, including an estimate of the maintenance requirement for essential amino acids. Nutrition, 127, 1166-1175.
[64] Yamamoto, T., Sugita, T. and Furuita, H. (2005) Essential amino acid supplementation to fish meal-based diets with low protein to energy ratios improves the protein utilization in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 246, 379 391. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.013
[65] Lim, C., Yildririm-Aksoy, M. and Klesius, P.H. (2009) Growth response and resistance to Edwarsiella ictaluri of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fed diets containing distiller’s dried grains with solubles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40, 182-193. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00241.x
[66] Li., M.H., Robinson, E.H., Oberle, D.F. and Lucas, P.M. (2010) Effects of various corn distillers by-products on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16, 188-193. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00650.x
[67] Johnsen, C.A., Hagen, ?. and Bendiksen, E.?. (2011) Long-term effects of high-energy, low-fishmeal feeds on growth and flesh characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture, 312, 109-116. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.12.012
[68] Li, M.H., Oberle, D.F. and Lucas, P.M. (2011) Evaluation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles and brewers yeast in diets for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Aquaculture Research, 42, 1424-1430. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02734.x
[69] Yildiz, M. (2004) The study of fillet quality and the growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus my- kiss) fed with diets containing different amounts of vitamin E. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 4, 81-86.
[70] Sealey, W.M., Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F.T., Tomberlin, J.K., McGuire, M.A., Ross, C. and St.-Hilaire, S. (2011) Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42, 34-45. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00441.x
[71] Daniels, W.H. and Robinson, E.H. (1986) Protein and energy requirements of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 53, 243-252. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(86)90354-6
[72] Kim, J.D. and Kaushik, S.J. (1992) Contributions of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein/energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 106, 161-169. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(92)90200-5
[73] Schaeffer, T.W., Brown, M.L. and Rosentrater, K.A. (2009) Performance characteristics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing graded levels of fuel based distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of Aquaculture Feed Science and Nutrition, 1, 78-83. doi:10.3923/joafsnu.2009.78.83
[74] Schaeffer, T.W., Brown, M.L., Rosentrater, K.A. and Muthukumarappan, K. (2010) Utilization of diets containing graded levels of ethanol production co-products by Nile tilapia. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 94, 348-354. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01020.x
[75] Fine, M., Zilberg, D., Cohen, Z., Degani, G., Moav, B. and Gertler, A. (1996) The effect of dietary protein level, water temperature and growth hormone administration on growth and metabolism in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 114A, 35-42. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(95)02085-3
[76] Sakamota, S. and Yone, Y. (1978) Effect of dietary phosphorus level on chemical composition of red sea bream. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 44, 227-229. doi:10.2331/suisan.44.227
[77] Jobling, M., Koskela, J. and Savolainen, R. (1998) Influence of dietary fat level and increased adiposity on growth and fat deposition in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, 29, 601-607. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1998.tb01174.x
[78] Company, R., Calduch-Giner, J.A., Kaushik, S., and Perez-Sanchez, J. (1999) Growth performance and adiposity in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Risks and benefits of high energy diets. Aquaculture, 171, 279-292. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00495-5
[79] Yildiz, M., Sener, E. and Timur, M. (2006) Effect of seasonal change and different commercial feeds on proximate composition of sea bream (Sparus aurata). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 6, 99-104.
[80] Barnes, M.E., Wintersteen, K., Krebs, E., Nero, P., Tycz, J., Reichert, S. and Zimmerman, S. (2011) 2010 Mc- Nenny State fish hatchery annual production report. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks Annual Report 11-03, Pierre.
[81] Figueiredo-Silva, A.C., Rema, P., Bandarra, N.M., Nunes, M.L. and Valente, L.M.P. (2005) Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition, and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 248, 163- 172. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.022
[82] Holm, J.C., Refstie, T. and B?, S. (1990) The effect of fish density and feeding regimes on individual growth rate and mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 89, 252-232. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90128-A
[83] Procarione, L.S., Barry, T.P. and Malison, J.A. (1999) Effects of high rearing densities and loading rates on the growth and stress responses of juvenile rainbow trout. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 61, 91-96. doi:10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0091:EOHRDA>2.0.CO;2
[84] Weatherup, R.N. and McCraken, K.J. (1999) Changes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), body composition with weight. Aquaculture Research, 30, 305 307. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00320.x
[85] De Francesco, M., Parisi, G., Médale, F., Lupi, P., Kaushik, S.J. and Poli, B.M. (2004) Effect of long-term feeding with a plant protein mixture based diet on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 236, 413-429. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.01.006
[86] United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (2011). NEW feed grains data: Yearbook tables (online). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/feedgrains/Table.asp?t=16

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.