Donnan Electric Potential Dependence of Intraparticle Diffusion of Malachite Green in Single Cation Exchange Resin Particles: A Laser Trapping-Microspectroscopy Study

Nguyen M. Cuong, Shoji Ishizaka, Noboru Kitamura

Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima-City, Japan.
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.33027                

Abstract

A laser trapping-microspectroscopy technique combined with excitation energy transfer from a fluorescent cationic dye (Rhodamine B, RB⁺) to a non-fluorescent cationic dye (Malachite Green, MG⁺) was employed to study pH effects on the diffusion coefficients of MG⁺ (D(MG⁺)) in single cation-exchange resin microparticles with the diameters of 16 μm. When RB+-pre-adsorbed resin particles were soaked in an aqueous MG+ solution, the RB+ fluorescence was quenched gradually with the soaking time. The time course of the quenching efficiency of RB⁺ by MG+ was then used to evaluate the D(MG⁺) value in the particle. The D(MG⁺) value increased from 1.1 × 10^-11 to 4.3 × 10^-11 cm².s–¹ on going the solu- tion pH value from 9 to 4. The results were explained reasonably by a Donnan electric potential model.

Keywords

Donnan Electric Potential; Intraparticle Diffusion; Cation-Exchange Reaction; Single Microparticle; Laser Trapping-Microspectroscopy

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	O. Samuelson, “Ion Exchange Separations in Analytical Chemistry,” John-Wiley, New York, 1963.
[2]	F. Helfferich, “Ion Exchange,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.
[3]	C. E. Harland, “Ion Exchange: Theory and Practice,” The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1994.
[4]	O. V. Bobreshova, A. V. Parshina, K. A. Polumestnaya, N. G. D’yachkova and L. A. Zagorodnykh, “Interfacial Potential Difference in Electro-membrane Systems with MA-41 Anion-Exchange Membranes and Alkaline Solutions of Glycine,” Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, Vol. 43, No. 11, 2007, pp. 1321-1325. doi:10.1134/S1023193507110171
[5]	V. M. Bhandari, “Implications of Weak Donnan Potential in Ion-Exchange Reactions. An Alterante Strategy for Modeling Sorption Processes,” Separation Sciences and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 13, 1998, pp. 2009-2024. doi:10.1080/01496399808545043
[6]	P. Ramírez, A. Alcaraz, S. Mafé and J. Pellicer, “Donnan Equilibrium of Ionic Drugs in pH-Dependent Fixed Charge Membranes: Theoretical Modeling,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 253, No. 1, 2002, pp. 171- 179. doi:10.1006/jcis.2002.8508
[7]	K. No-mura, “Separation of the Diffusion Potential within a Membrane and the Donnan Potential on the Basis of a Measurement of Transient Membrane Potentials,” Bulletin of Chemical Society Japan, Vol. 69, No. 9, 1996, pp. 2533-2537. doi:10.1246/bcsj.69.2533
[8]	C. A. Burns, J.-F. Boily, R. J. Crawford and I. H. Harding, “Cd(II) Binding by Particulate Low-Rank Coals in Aque- ous Media: Sorption Characteristics and NICA-Donnan Models,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 278, No. 2, 2004, pp. 291-298. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.001
[9]	H. Yao, Y. Takada and N. Kitamura, “Electrolyte Effects on CdS Nanocrystal Formation in Chelate Polymer Particles: Optical and Distribution Properties,” Langmuir, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1998, 595-601. doi:10.1021/la970480g
[10]	H.-B. Kim, S. Habuchi, M. Hayashi and N. Kitamura, “Direct Excitation Energy Transfer as a Technique for in situ Measurements of Ion-Exchange Processes in Single Polymer Particles,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1998, pp. 105-110. doi:10.1021/ac970808a
[11]	H.-B. Kim, M. Hayashi, K. Na-katani, N. Kitamura, K. Sasaki, J. Hotta and H. Masuhara, “In Situ Measurements of Ion-Exchange Processes in Single Polymer Particles: Laser Trapping Microspectroscopy and Confocal Fluorescence Microspectroscopy,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 68, No. 3, 1996, pp. 409-414. doi:10.1021/ac951058c
[12]	N. Kitamura and F. Kitagawa, “Optical Trapping-Chemical Anal-ysis of Single Microparticles in Solution,” Journal of Photo-chemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2003, pp. 227-247. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2003.09.004
[13]	J. R. Lakowicz, “Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,” Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
[14]	H.-B. Kim, S. Yoshida and N. Kitamura, “Effects of Sam- ple Dimension and Dye Distribution Characteristics in Absorption Microspectroscopy,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1998, pp. 51-57. doi:10.1021/ac970572a
[15]	The critical energy transfer distance (R0) is calculated by the following equation, where ?, n, and NA are the dipole orientation factor (assumed to be κ2 = 2/3), the refractive index of a medium, and the Avogadro number, respectively. is the fluo-rescence quantum yield of an energy transfer donor (i.e., RB+) and JD*A represents the spectral overlap between the fluorescence spectrum of RB+ and the absorption spectrum of MG+. See also ref. [13].
[16]	S. J. Culp and F. A. Beland, “Malachite Green: A Toxicological Review,” International Journal of Toxicology, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1996, pp. 219-238. doi:10.3109/10915819609008715
[17]	N. Nakashima, K. Yo-shihara and F. Willig, “Time-Resolved Measurements of Electron and Energy Transfer of Rhodamine B Monolayer on the Surface of Organic Crystals,” Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 73, No. 8, 1980, pp. 3553-3559. doi:10.1063/1.440738
[18]	M. Van der Auweraer, B. Verschuere and F. C. DeSchryver, “Absorption and Fluorescence Properties of Rhodamine B Derivatives Forming Langmuir-Blodgett Films,” Langmuir, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1988, pp. 583-588. doi:10.1021/la00081a016