Weeds Associated with a Sisal Crop (Agave fourcroydes Lem.) in the State of Yucatan, Mexico

Wilson Avilés-Baeza¹, Mónica Guadalupe Lozano-Contreras^1*, Jorge H. Ramírez-Silva²

¹Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Mocochá, Mocochá, México.
²Centro de Investigación Regional Sureste del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Mérida, México.

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1110782                

Abstract

The objective of this study was to know the weed species associated with a sisal crop (Agave fourcroydes) in the State of Yucatán, Mexico. In this sense, best weed control management strategies can be proposed to sisal producers. The weed collection was carried out in a three years old sisal crop. For the taxonomic identification images of the adult plant with flowers, fruits and seeds were taken, supported by a herbarium. The Importance Value Index (IVI) showed 23 predominate species, 78.26% with broad-leaves and 21.74% with narrow-leaves. The most predominant species were: Melanthera nivea (Asteraceae), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) and Malvastrum corchorifolium (Malvaceae) with the higher IVI’s, with 61.1%, 46.6% and 37.2% respectively. The presence of weeds represents a significant increase in the production costs of sisal production; so its identification is essential for an effective weed management program.

Keywords

Host Weeds, Identification, Weed Taxonomy, Noxious Weeds

1. Introduction

Sisal (Agave fourcroydes Lem.) is a crop well adapted to areas with medium and low rainfall and stony soils, such as the north-central region of the state of Yucatán, Mexico. It is considered a low investment crop because producers use very few agrochemicals. However, before harvesting, maintenance activities are important to keep maximum fiber yields. Control of weeds, especially in the rainy season, can avoid delays in the time of cutting, reduction of the quantity and length of leaves emitted per year, as well as the quantity and length of the fiber.

Without weeds competition, number of leaves increases with a direct influence on fiber yield [1] . Avilés-Baeza and Santamaría-Basulto (1996) [2] suggested that weeds can affect the quality of leaves by reducing rate of emission (48%), length (33.2%), width (45.6%) and Leaf Area (64.2%) during three years.

In this sense, various authors have documented the negative effect of weeds on sisal crop [3] as a result of competition for nutrients, soil, water and light or by harmful substances released to the crop [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Weeds have the advantage of being more efficient since they group various species, with different needs and abilities and a non-uniform spatial distribution [9] . They can explore more efficiently the environment in search for the essential factors [10] [11] .

According to Oerke, 2006 [12] , weeds and crops have similar needs for carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the atmosphere and water and minerals from the soil, but when competition starts, weeds are more efficient and the crop yield is reduced [13] .

Producers are very cautious to avoid yield losses [14] . And they use different methods to control weeds such as: mechanical cutting, application of herbicides and burning. Slashing is a conventional practice carried out carefully since in the process the roots or trunks can be damaged favoring the incidence of pathogens [15] [16] .

Paraquat is the herbicides commonly used by farmers [17] , as well as glyphosate, a non-selective, broad-spectrum systemic herbicide widely used to control annual and perennial weeds [18] . Both herbicides are to be used more than one time [19] .

Regardless of the method of control it is compulsory to know the bio-ecological characteristics of the species and their interactions with crops. The objective of this study was to determine the dominant weed species and their specific diversity in competition with the Sisal crop [13] .

2. Materials

2.1. Location

This study was carried out from October to December, 2022 in the facilities of the factory Sisal Tejidos SA of CV in the municipality of Motul, Yucatan, Mexico located at 21˚05'49.51'' north latitude and 89˚18'28.48'' west longitude at 10 meters above sea level. Soils are classified as Tzekel lu’um in the Mayan terminology and lytic Leptosol in the World Reference Base (WRB) [20] .

2.2. Taxonomic Identification

For the taxonomic identification of weeds, images and live adult plants with flowers, fruits and seeds were taken and compared with botanical information from different Mexican Institutions such as: The National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of the Land, National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO, http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/2inicio/paginas/lista-plantas.htm), the Scientific Research Center of Yucatan (CICY, http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/flora%20digital/index.php) and the National Herbarium of Mexico of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (MEXU, http://www.ib.unam.mx/botanica/herbario/).

3. Methods

Weed Collection

In order to identify and quantify weed population associated to Sisal, a plot of 1.0 hectare of a three years old local variety of Sisal was selected. A simple sampling model of weeds was implemented, using twelve squares of 1.0 m² (1.0 × 1.0 m) randomly located between rows of the crop. Frequency of appearance, abundance and dominance of each species were recorded and the Importance Value Index (IVI) of each weed was calculated adapting the methodology described by Gámez López et al. (2011) [21] .

The Importance Value Index (IVI) was developed by Curtis & McIntosh (1951) [22] . It is a synthetic structural index, developed mainly to rank the dominance of each species in mixed stands. It was calculated as follows: IVI = Relative dominance (a) + Relative density (b) + Relative frequency (c) [23] .

According to Campo and Duval (2014) [24] , these three parameters are calculated as follows:

(a) $\text{Relativedominance}=\frac{\text{Dominanceofeachspecies}}{\text{Dominanceofallspecies}}\times 100$

(b) $\text{RelativeDensity}=\frac{\text{Numberofindividualsofeachspecies}}{\text{TotalNumberofindividuals}}\times 100$

(c) $\text{Relativefrecuency}=\frac{\text{Frequencyofeachspecies}}{\text{Frequencyofallspecies}}\times 100$

4. Results

Weed Species Found and the Importance Value Index (IVI).

The 23 weed species found on the henequen plot are described in Table 1 considering: common names according to different countries and regions, scientific names, botanical behaviors (A = Annual; B = Biannual; D = Dicot; M = Monocot; P = Perennial), geographical distribution and impact on agriculture crops.

The Importance Value Index (IVI) of each species are shown in Figure 1 and the results are showing the presence of twenty-three species of weeds one week before planting Henequen: Melanthera nivea, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Malvastrum corchorifolium, Rynchelitrum repens, Megathyrsus maximus, Bidens pilosa, Crotalaria pumila, Piscidia piscipula, Chamaecrista nictitans, Melochia

Table 1. Characteristics of the predominant weed species associated with Sisal (Agave fourcroydes).

*A = annual; D = dicot; M = monocot; P = perennial.

Figure 1. Importance Value Index (IVI) of weeds associated to Sisal crop.

pyramidata, Boerhavia erecta, Cyanthillium cinereum, Elytraria imbricata, Commelina erecta, Cynodon dactilon, Ipomoea nil, Tragia yucatanensis, Euphorbia cyathophora, Gynandropsis gynandra, Sida acuta, Corchorus siliquosus, Distimake aegyptius, Heliotropium curassavicum.

Of the total species, 78.26% were broad-leaved and 21.74% narrow-leaved. The species Melanthera nivea (Asteraceae), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) and Malvastrum corchorifolium (Malvaceae) were the most predominant ones with the highest IVI’s with 61.1%, 46.6%, and 37.2% respectively.

5. Discussion

According to Poggio (2012) [14] , the specific impacts of agricultural practices, as well as the crop dominance during its growth period, influence the presence of weeds through changes in flowing materials, energy and information. These changes modify both the diversity and species composition of weed communities and their abundance (biomass and density of individuals).

As was observed in this research, broad-leaved species predominated over narrow-leaved species. This could be related to the type of soils on which the Sisal crop is established, in the state of Yucatán, and the months of lower temperaturas and rainfall (October to December).

This crop adapts well to stony soils of the north-central region of the state where agricultural machinery is omitted and in consequence weed seed dispersal is limited. In contrast, the weed species found such as: Cyperus ligularis (Cyperaceae), and Megathyrsus maximus (Poacea) [79] , were not so abundant in the South of the state where agricultural machinery is highly used.

The weed species most associated to Sisal was Melanthera nivea (Asteraceae). However, it is a protecting plant for beneficial insects [80] such as butterflies and other insects attracted by its nectar for honey production [25] - [31] . Therefore, for future research or decision-making, it would be important to consider the advantage or disadvantage that this plant may have in agricultural production systems.

The three botanical families identified, (Asteracea, Poaceae and Malvaceae) are among the most important botanical families of weeds in Mexico, according to the Catalog of Weeds of Mexico [60] .

6. Conclusions

Weeds are considered a problem when they affect a crop, due to their invasive action and high level of competition for resources. They can behave as hosts for pests and diseases. Identification of weeds can contribute to better control management in a more sustainable way. In fact, knowledge of weed communities associated with a specific crop, as well as the importance value index (IVI) of each one, allows a more precise selection of an effective control measures, especially when chemical control is used. In this study of weed species associated with a sisal crop, the following is concluded:

1) Twenty-three species of weeds were found associated to Sisal crop: Melanthera nivea, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Malvastrum corchorifolium, Rynchelitrum repens, Megathyrsus maximus, Bidens pilosa, Crotalaria pumila, Piscidia piscipula, Chamaecrista nictitans, Melochia pyramidata, Boerhavia erecta, Cyanthillium cinereum, Elytraria imbricata, Commelina erecta, Cynodon dactilon, Ipomoea nil, Tragia yucatanensis, Euphorbia cyathophora, Gynandropsis gynandra, Sida acuta, Corchorus siliquosus, Distimake aegyptius, Heliotropium curassavicum.

2) From the total amount of species found, 78.26% were classified as broad-leaved and 21.74% as narrow-leaved.

3) Melanthera nivea (Asteraceae), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) and Malvastrum corchorifolium (Malvaceae) were the most important species, according to their highest IVI values: 61.1%, 46.6% and 37.2%, respectively.

Acknowledgements

We thank the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP) for financing this work, as part of the project: Alternatives to the use of Glyphosate for weed control in Mexico.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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