Epidemiological Profile of Stress among Health Professionals in Northern Benin in 2021 ()
1. Introduction
Stress is the body’s reaction to a real or perceived threat. It is present in any professional activity. Occupational stress is particularly observed in work situations where social support is lacking, the objectives are not well defined as well as the role of the worker. Stress can have significant repercussions on health because it leads to a whole series of physical, emotional and behavioral disorders, as well as significant repercussions on performance.
The 2006 World Health Organization report on health [1] noted that in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the situation of stress in healthcare facilities was critical. A study carried out in 2013 at the Lagune Mother and Child Hospital in Cotonou concluded that the stress factors for caregivers were diverse and numerous [2] . Based on this basis, we wanted to know the situation of stress at work in health establishments in northern Benin. To this end, we have carried out work with the objective of studying the epidemiological profile of occupational stress among health personnel in northern Benin in 2021.
2. Methods
It was a cross-sectional and descriptive study that lasted three months from August 1 to October 30, 2021. Data collection occurred from September 5 to 30, 2021. It involved health professionals practicing in training public, denominational and private sanitary facilities in the health zone of Parakou-Ndali and that of Tchaourou. These are two of the four health zones in the department of Borgou. These two areas have a population of 462,942 inhabitants served by two university hospitals, three area hospitals and 19 health centers (infirmary and maternity ward).
The sampling is an exhaustive census of healthcare personnel (doctors, nurses, midwives, laboratory technicians, and nursing assistants) working in these two health zones. All those who were present at their workstation during the data collection period and had their free and informed consent were included. An individual questionnaire was drawn up by the team and then tested in a health zone close to the study area. Corrected, it allowed us to collect the data. It contains 89 items with open and closed questions. The variables studied were socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, professional category, seniority in the profession, health unit to which they belong, department) and stress (presence, level, frequency, symptoms).
Stress was assessed based on the Karasek questionnaire based on 21 items. When the answer to a question is “not at all” we give zero, “rarely” we give one, and “often” we give two. The sum of the scores led to retaining the following four levels of stress:
- low level: when the score is ≤ 7;
- average level: if 8 ≤ score ≤ 15;
- high level: when the score is ≥ 16.
The data collected was processed and analyzed with Epi info 7.2.0.1 software.
The agreement of the local ethics committee for biomedical research of the University of Parakou (appendix) was obtained under the number REP: 0262/CLERB-UP/P/SP/R/SA.
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
Of the 813 caregivers approached, 692 were surveyed, i.e., 85.1% participation rate. Those of the female sex were 395 (57.5%) to 297 (42.9%) of the male sex, hence a sex ratio (M/F) equal to 0.7. Their average age was 38. Subjects in the 28 - 38 age group made up 36.6% of the sample and those with a seniority of between 1 and 10 years made up 46.7%. Among them, 62.9% worked in public health facilities. Those who worked in the gynecology and obstetrics departments represented 23.1% and the nursing staff 32.7% of the respondents. The rest of the socio-demographic characteristics are recorded in Table 1 and Table 2.
3.2. Prevalence of Stress
There were 511 (73.8%) respondents including 301 women (43.5%) who said they were stressed at work. The level of stress was high in 154 (22.3%) (Table 3). Among women, 76.6% were affected against 70.7% of men. Within corporations, 82.5% of midwives had stress (Table 4). Stress was found in 90.8% of health professionals in denominational health facilities (Table 5).
The stress link was statistically significant with the subjects’ sex (p = 0.0356), age (p = 0.043), professional category (p = 0.0102) and the sector to which they belonged (0.037) (Table 4 and Table 5). In any professional category, at least two out of three caregivers worked under stress apart from physiotherapists. It is noted that the link of this occupational pathology with seniority and hospital service is not statistically significant (p = 0.450). Of the 14 hospital departments listed, 10 subject two out of three of their workers to occupational stress (Table 5).
4. Discussion
The objective of the study was to know the epidemiology of occupational stress among caregivers in the health zones of Parakou-Ndali and Tchaourou in 2021. Cross-sectional and descriptive with prospective data collection, the study led to valid results for the sample.
Workplace stress was a concern for healthcare workers in both health zones. The rate of 85.1% of respondents is evocative. The study by Gounongbé et al. [3] on stress, carried out in the Parakou-Ndali health zone alone in 2013, had already seen a similar participation rate (82.2%) of health workers. In Morocco in 2005, Djeriri et al. [4] reported a lower rate (67.8%) of caregivers for this same condition. It goes without saying that occupational stress is indeed a major concern for health professionals.
The female sex was predominant in the sample (sex ratio = 0.7). Gounongbé and collaborators found this female preponderance among health professionals in the Parakou-Ndali health zone in 2013 (sex ratio = 0.6) [3] . The same observation was made at the National Hospital of Niamey (Gounongbé et al., 2021) [5] with a higher rate of women (sex ratio = 11.4). In other studies,
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Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to socio-professional characteristics, Parakou-Ndali health zone and Tchaourou zone, 2021.
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Table 2. Distribution of respondents by service, Parakou-Ndali and Tchaourou health zone, 2021.
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Table 3. Distribution of health workers according to level of stress, Parakou-Ndali and Tchaourou health zones, 2021.
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Table 4. Correlation of stress with gender, age, seniority and professional category of respondents, Parakou-Ndali and Tchaourou health zones, 2021.
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Table 5. Correlation of stress with the sector to which caregivers belong and the exercise service, Parakou-N’dali and Tchaourou health zones, 2021.
notably in Morocco (sex-ratio = 0.8) (Laraqui et al., 2002) [6] , in Tunisia (El Ghoul et al., 2017) [7] (sex-ratio = 0.7) and in France (Pocheron, 2007) (sex-ratio = 0.8) [8] , the female predominance is also noted. In São Paulo, Brazil, Cavagioni et al. in 2011 [9] also noted a strong female presence (sex-ratio = 0.7) among prehospital care professionals. There is indeed a feminization of the health profession [3] .
The average age of our respondents was 38 years old. It is similar to that (37.9 ± 10.7 years) of health workers from Lomé in Togo (Bagny et al., 2010) [10] . But it is below that (45.65 ± 8.9 years) found in Morocco in 2011 (Korrida et al.) [11] . However, none of our respondents was under the age of 18 in accordance with the recommendations of the ILO on the minimum age for admission to employment [12] .
At 36.6%, subjects aged 28 to 38 were the most numerous in the sample. In the quest for the health consequences of night work among nursing staff in Niamey (2021), Gounongbé and collaborators noted that those aged 30 - 39 (40.80%) were the most represented [5] . So, there is a similarity between the two age groups.
They were 45.66% to have 1 year to 10 years of seniority in the profession. This is the most represented seniority. At the Niamey National Hospital in 2021, those with 8 to 15 years of seniority (49.2%) came first [5] . At the hospital of the University of Medical Sciences of Kerman in Iran, the shift staff dominated in terms of seniority those who were 5 to 10 years old (34.4%) (Zare et al., 2018) [13] .
Respondents from public health facilities were in the majority (62.92%) in the sample. This would be due to their high representativeness in the sample. The Beninese labor code has fixed the weekly working time at 40 hours, regardless of sex and mode of remuneration. However, 70.2% of our respondents worked beyond 40 hours. While three out of five respondents are employed by state. So, there is extra work.
Three out of four of our respondents (73.8%) were stressed. In Morocco (Laraqui et al., 2008), Tunisia (Halouani et al., 2018) and France (Weibel et al., 2004) health professionals were also stressed, but at lower rates, respectively 21.7%.; 40.7% and 46% [6] [14] [15] . Female staff were more affected (75.8%). The same observation was made in Morocco (Laraqui et al. 2008) [6] but to a lesser extent (59.1%). Paramedics were also more affected, in this case, midwives (82.50%), nurses (76.44%), and caregivers (76.28%). According to Laraqui and collaborators in Morocco in 2008 [6] and Mrizak and collaborators [16] in Tunisia (2004), paramedical staff were more affected by stress, particularly caregivers and nurses. In Tunisia, doctors were the most stressed (Halouani et al., 2018) [14] .
Stress was statistically related to sex (p = 0.0356) and to age in North Benin (p = 0.043). In Tunisian series (Halouani et al., 2018; Bouattour et al., 2016) [14] [17] , stress was only associated with age. This was the case in Morocco in 2008 (p = 0.016), according to the study by Laraqui et al. [6] . This correlation was not obtained in Nigeria (Olayinka et al., 2013) [18] and in France (Tripodi et al., 2007) [19] . It is significantly related to the sector to which the health facility belongs (p = 0.037). Its highest prevalence is recorded in faith-based health facilities (90.8%). We expected to have a lower rate in religious circles because of the tolerance that religion advocates. Authors explained the presence of stress in elderly subjects by the fear of the end of their careers [6] [20] .
These two health zones are full of more caregivers in the department, they can therefore be extrapolated to the entire department. However, the declarative nature of the survey constitutes a limitation.
5. Conclusion
Occupational stress is endemic in health facilities in northern Benin, particularly faith-based ones. The prevalence is high in 2021. All categories of health professions are affected, in this case paramedics. Preventive measures are necessary to be taken by the health authorities in order to promote the health of health professionals. This involves solving problems with an ecosystem approach.
Annex
Questionnaire