Related Literature Review: Project Triad—The Virtual Project Coordination ()
1. Introduction
Reviews within the project communication with collaboration (Savolainen et al., 2018) , particularly in coordination and cooperation, are essential to get closer to the issues that lead to disputes. Coordination includes brainstorming ideas for advancing goals with executives and business unit leaders, improving performance, and meeting customer needs in the project (PMI, 2021) . It can also assist in business analysis, tendering and contract negotiations, and business case development.
In LNG industries, due complexity of construction (Shen et al., 2021) , there are three (3) significant players to become the successful completion of the project, the project client (owner), the project contractors, and the project consultant. Each player has a specific functional role and significance, particularly in the project phase, in the EPC stage. The attributes of better communication are clarifying, coordinating, and cooperating.
Project Triad is a revitalized virtual coordination (RVC) concept within the project team. It can encourage transparency, eliminate/control overlapping, and cross-over the top coordination within the project team (Garomsa et al., 2019) . It will help to minimize overpricing, material sub-standards (Ekwuno & Nel, 2022) , and changes in the design during the execution. This concept will be discussed and simplified in the logical model analysis. In the case of project construction, coordination is one of the vital roles in the communication attributes for a successful project. With software development and collaboration (Erdos & Nemeth, 2021) , virtual coordination will possibly enhance effectively in the virtual environment (El Khatib et al., 2023) .
In this research, the study review of the project triad concept will solidify and revitalize the virtual coordination for future studies. It introduces the beauty of this study and operation of virtual project coordination, moreover, revitalized in preparation for virtual application and implementation. Furthermore, the kin of this research should verify, review, and confirm the selection for a specific application. The researcher will encourage the kin to check and analyze the concept prior to the actual application.
2. Framework
The research review is within the publication in this project communication frameworks as stated in PMBOK (PMI, 2021) and includes collaboration, coordination, and cooperation (Badiru, 2008) ; however, it focuses on issues and transparency coordination in a virtual environment, sees below Figure 1 in detail scope in this review (Colored and Continues Line) except for Dash Line as shown in Figure 1.
3. Data Collection
The researcher obtained articles on the project triad by searching four (4)
primary areas: communication, collaboration, coordination, and cooperation, also called the Triple C model (Badiru, 2008) , including collaboration. Although this project triad concept deals with a virtual platform specifically in the coordination area. All gathered data would be processed using the C4 flow model, a simplified qualitative analysis is shown in Figure 2. It should be classified and segregated based on the author’s intention, Objectives, Significance, Evaluation, and Limitation (OSEL).
Collect. Collect, categorize, and itemize the data aside from the authors, such as the publication date, applied sectors, and study evaluation. The related publications should be included under project communication, collaboration, coordination, cooperation, and PM (E/CM, PM, VPM, vT, and vS). PM discusses related topics mentioning the four (4) C’s (communication, collaboration, coordination, and cooperation).
Check. Check and classify the data. It should be checked and classified according to each critical issue that can help this research and future virtual coordination studies, as described in Figure 1.
Calibrate. Calibrate and clarify the data; it’s evaluated according to research tools and comes with the study. If the data isn’t in-line with the scope of selection/review, it should be changed from gathered data or rejected, look for other sources.
Change. Change and convert into OSEL identity; otherwise, waive or reject the data.
Complete. Clear and complete the data. It should be summarized into each objective (optimization), significance (strength), and limitation (feedback). It simplifies into an unconventional process and come-up with bona fide results in this literature review.
4. Related Work
The collected and gathered data are described in Figure 3. This review focuses on literature selection that addresses problems, issues, and challenges related to the Project Triad concept and structure. Most paper reviews aim to mitigate past project issues (Adham, 2023) .
In Figure 3, the statistical model got the highest publication in this review study. Statistical data either respondent’s opinions, historical accounts, or feedback from the experts are more likely in this project triad concept, the virtual coordination. Although other publications described in the form of descriptive and model analysis are also considered in this technical review.
The Triple C includes communication, cooperation, coordination (Badiru, 2008) , collaboration, and PM in different studies. Figure 4 shows the lowest and highest hits regarding this related technical study. Communication is the main attribute (Hynes, 2019) and essential for the project’s success (Jha, 2010) , should the manager possess it. Looking back, the cooperative team and engagement stakeholders (PMI, 2021) will solidify the projection of success even at the beginning of the project. The issues in the projects revolve around scope, cost, and time, then chain reactions occur. All “mis” such as mis-communicate (McMahon, 2001; Nicholas & Steyn, 2021) , mis-coordinate (Oberlender et al., 2022) , and mis-collaborate will messed-up the projects (Anantatmula & Rad, 2018) .
5. Limitation
In this research, the review covered and focused only on project communication, collaboration, coordination, cooperation, and PM, including virtual PM environment for any field of the engineering construction project such as Oil & Gas, Petroleum refinery, Petrochemical, LNG & LPG/LNG Receiving Terminal project. The project triad concept is much valuable, especially in a complex project. Moreover, it would be better and appropriate for mechanical (piping/equipment), chemical, electrical, IT, architectural, civil, industrial, project management, engineering, and construction if the topic is related to the project and construction field. Moreover, further research and development are highly recommended for future implementation and specific applications. For more detail, see Figure 1.
6. Result, Discussion, and Summary
As the result of the investigation went through, issues mainly arose in related time (delayed) (Sherif & Abdelalim, 2023) , cost (losing profit), and scope of work (SOW) (Oberlender et al., 2022) . Project transparency is a project triad
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Figure 4. Research study published: areas of study.
concept’s key objective since the execution will lead to the main players of the project. The client (owner), consultant, and contractor mainly contribute to this transparency issue.
The VPM (McMahon, 2001) and the execution guidelines (Ybañez et al., 2022) can ensure the project’s smooth operation even in a complex project (Ybañez & De La Cruz, 2022) . With the collaboration of specific software and the 5D model, transparency issues will be mitigated, minimized, and nearly eliminated.
From Figure 3 selections, in Figure 4, communication (COM) got 39.4% of the gathered publication, contributing to several issues and mitigation to strategize and resolve the disputed issues. Project management (PM) has 24.2%, collaboration (COL) has 18.2%, and the rest coordination (COR) and cooperation (COP) have 12.1% and 6.1%, respectively. Furthermore, all the data is essential in this review, although the number of publications is limited in this area of study.
In this consideration, as discussed in the result, the four (4) C’s and PM contributed much to this review by knowing the importance of every technical study with the correspondence of the timelines and purposes. According to Ybañez et al. (2022) , communication is one of the top seven (7) essential factors of VPM operational effectiveness. Constant communication improves things and a clear understanding through discussing even highly technical matters. Coordination, clarification, and cooperation with complete deliverables as scheduled (Ybañez et al., 2022) .
Although the project triad is more about coordination, in Figure 4, data shows that communication is the highest percentage in the publication. Communication, coordination, and coordination are part of the virtual operational ladder (Ybañez et al., 2022) , connecting project teams (including virtual teams) and clients. Project motivation is essential for cooperation through monetary incentives or rewards (Ybañez & De La Cruz, 2022) .
Project Management (PM). Conventional and in a virtual platform, issues occur when teams face delays, cost changes, inefficient deliverable results, and poor performance in the overall assessment (Ybañez et al., 2022) . In simplified and complex structures, team utilization with trust (Casey, 2010) , overcoming fear (Casey & Richardson, 2008) , and monetary incentives (Ybañez & De La Cruz, 2022) are essential factors of completion.
Communication (COM). Among collected data, communication is the most highlighted factor of project failure and success. The effect of quality allows inter-disciplinary communication (Zhang et al., 2018b; Musheke & Phiri, 2021) ; the higher the information processing, the higher the performance curve. A successful project lies in good communication (Mesmer et al., 2023) . Enhancing global communication (Walker et al., 2018) , establishing contracts, collaborating with software, and defining project requirements (Wu et al., 2017) are essential for mitigating risk impacts (Plowman & Diffendal, 2020) . It’s a core competency that brings the project team together with common goals, direction, and execution (Bizjak & Faganel, 2020) .
Collaboration (COL). Trust and collaboration are essential factors for increasing the likelihood of project management (Bond-Barnard et al., 2017) . In any infrastructure collaboration (Chen et al., 2018) , the software, including a virtual environment, is one of the cheapest and most handy ways to achieve PM operational effectiveness. It considers the stakeholder and end-user (or customer) collaboration for the cost performance of the project construction (Xue et al., 2018; Melander & Tell, 2019; Yang et al., 2020) .
Coordination (COR). The data address virtual coordination in typical practices, where disputes and low transparency are always present in the meeting. Team efforts significantly impact technical accuracy, especially dealing with a multicultural team (Walker et al., 2018) . The flow of coordination between disciplinary teams should be internalized (Ybañez et al., 2022) . Several techniques to track the delays and such analysis claims should be considered (Sherif & Abdelalim, 2023) . Processes require the well-coordinated intervention of experts to ensure that quality and safety are carried out (Postavaru et al., 2019) .
Cooperation (COP). It’s one way to overcome conflicts the cooperative spirit (Schweiger et al., 2020) . The effect of suitable leadership styles should be good example followers (Renzi, 2020) . Each team should directly follow project-incharge requirements and specifications to avoid disputes and risk impacts (Ybañez et al., 2022; Trinh & Feng, 2020) .
Below are the overall analytical ideas and views, evaluated and summarized in Table 1.
Definition: 3D—3 Dimension, SM—Social Media, OSC—Off-Site Construction, IPD—Integrated Project Delivery, ICT—Information & Communication Technology.
7. Conclusion
The data gathered from various researchers are categorized into COM, COL, COR, & COP (4 C’s). These 4 C’s are essential ideas, points to ponder, and execute the project triad concept with the high transparency objective in the area of communication and coordination. PM (E/CM, PM, VPM, vT, & vS) discusses related topics, especially communication, collaboration, coordination, and cooperation. Aside from the conventional approach, as stated in PMBOK’s (PMI, 2021) and EMBOK’s (ASEM, 2019) regarding four (4) C’s, the project triad is intended for the virtual environment. However, it’s not limited to the virtual platform only, it can be helpful for both environments, conventional/traditional or virtual.
Table 1, based on OSEL (Objective, Significance, Evaluation & Limitation), although evaluation in OSEL is the type of study conducted. COM got the highest among the other C’s; however, all C’s are interrelated, particularly to the project triad concept. It was understood to be distinct from other reviews. This OSEL establishes targets, objectives, and limitations and tracks issues/gaps to build the bridge toward this project triad coordination and conventional practices. Communication and collaboration are the architecture of project structure, while coordination and cooperation are the foundation of project success. Figure 1, the project triad, a transparency concept with a collaboration of a 5D model, DMS & DI, will help the successful project completion in a virtual environment.
Maintaining positive relationships (Bhat et al., 2017) among team members is essential to the project, whether in a conventional or virtual environment. Furthermore, as stated in Table 1, concerns from other related publications will help this project triad to be successfully implemented and applied. However, it may be helpful in this review if more concerns and new ideas correspond to the actual implementation and application of the concept.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank GOD, family, friends, adviser, colleague, professor, and supervisor for giving them time and sharing these valuable resources, such as helpful publications and other data, to support this review and pursue further research. For them, this literature review and the primary research will be considered one of the milestones to achieve. Also, thanks to the publishing team for understanding and their effort with trust and confidence in this research.
Nomenclature
4C: Communication (COM), Collaboration (COL), Coordination (COR), and Cooperation (COP)
5D: 5 Dimensional
ASEM: American Society of Engineering Management
C4: Collect, Check, Calibrate, and Complete
DI: Data Integration
DMS: Data Management System
E/CM: Engineering/Construction Management
IT: Information Technology
IoT: Internet of Things
LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG: Liquefied Petroleum (or Propane) Gas
OM: Operation & Maintenance
OSEL: Objective (Optimization), Significance (Importance), Evaluation, and Limitation
PCM: Project Control Management
PM: Project Management
PMI: Project Management Institute
RVC: Revitalize Virtual Coordination
SOW: Scope of Work
VPC: Virtual Project Coordination
VPM: Virtual Project Management
vS: Virtual Software
vT: Virtual Team (including Global, GVT)