Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Strains Isolated at Zinder National Hospital (ZNH) in 2021 and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile
Maman Sani Falissou Saïdou1,2, Abdoulaye Ousmane1*, Abdoulaye Inoussa3, Abdoulaye Maman Bachir1, Hassane Boureima1, Lo Gora4, Alhousseini Maiga Daouda5, Doutchi Mahamadou6, Bako Saley Mahaman Laouali1, Sidi Maman Bacha Boukar1, Mamadou Saidou5
1Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Dan Dicko Dankoulodo de Maradi, Maradi, Niger.
2Hôpital National de Zinder, Zinder, Niger.
3Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger.
4Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’odontostomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
5Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Abdou Moumouni, Niamey, Niger.
6Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Zinder, Zinder, Niger.
DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2023.131004   PDF    HTML   XML   82 Downloads   454 Views  

Abstract

Purpose: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a global public health problem. Enterobacteriaceae ESBL is among the most incriminated in this emergence which reduces the therapeutic possibilities. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of the extended-spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae at ZNH and their antibiotic susceptibility profile. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study carried out over 5 months in all hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in whom a culture was taken for the diagnosis of an infection. The search for ESBL is done by the double disc diffusion method. Results: In total, 21 out of 45 of our strains are ESBL-producing, i.e. a frequency of 46.7%. The mean age is 41.62 (±22.90) with extremes of 2.6 - 78 years. The distribution of ESBL producing species showed a predominance of E. coli with 66.7% followed by K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca each 9.5%. All ESBL strains were resistant to Amoxicillin, Cefalotin, Pipiracillin, Piperacillin + tazobactam, Ticarcillin, Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid. Resistance to C3G and Aztreonam was each 95.5%, to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 9.1%. All strains were sensitive to imipenem. E. coli strains showed resistance: 85.7% to ciprofloxacin, 50% to Amikacin, 57.1% to Gentamicin. For K. pneumoniae, it is 66.7% for Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Our study reports a high prevalence of ESBL at the HNZ. This must be taken into account in order to monitor this phenomenon which constitutes a public health problem. The study also reports sensitivity to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and Aminoside which can be an alternative.

Share and Cite:

Saïdou, M. , Ousmane, A. , Inoussa, A. , Bachir, A. , Boureima, H. , Gora, L. , Daouda, A. , Mahamadou, D. , Laouali, B. , Boukar, S. and Saidou, M. (2023) Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Strains Isolated at Zinder National Hospital (ZNH) in 2021 and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, 13, 43-51. doi: 10.4236/ojmm.2023.131004.

1. Introduction

Bacterial resistance is a phenomenon that was discovered soon after the first antibiotic molecules were used [1] . According to a global report, more than 1.2 million people died worldwide in 2019 from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria [2] . Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-secreting Enterobacteriaceae are a major contributor to the emergence of resistance. These are bacteria that have the ability to hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring of all penicillin making it inactive, with the exception of Cephamycin and Carbapenem. This reduces the therapeutic arsenal, creates a deadlock situation and has a considerable economic impact [3] [4] [5] . This situation constitutes a real threat to global public health, which is why the WHO has made it a priority [6] .

In Africa the prevalence of ESBL varies between 30% - 50% during infectious processes. In Ghana, half of the Enterobacteriaceae (49.4%) isolated from various infections diagnosed at Korle-Bu Hospital were ESBL producers [7] [8] . Although ESBLs have been described in some African countries, there is no information on ESBLs here. In view of these results, an effective control plan is needed. This plan will start with a prevalence study to confirm and know the level of progress of this obstacle. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL and their sensitivities to the different families of antibiotics in the National Hospital of Zinder (NHZ) to better enable us to deal with the problem and guide the choice of prescriptions.

2. Materials and Methods

We conducted a prospective descriptive study at the National Hospital of Zinder (HNZ) over a period of 6 months from June to December 2021 to determine the prevalence of ESBL and their susceptibility to different families of antibiotics. Our study population consisted of inpatients and outpatients in whom a bacteriological examination was requested for the diagnosis of any infection with as inclusion criteria, patients from whom an Enterobacteriaceae was isolated.

The sample size was not calculated. We contacted each other to collect the strains depending on the time.

Excluded from our study were any individuals from whom a non-Enterobacteriaceae was isolated, a sample or a bulletin that did not comply with the criteria established by the laboratory. Ethical aspects such as research authorization by the NHZ and preservation of anonymity were respected.

The strains of Enterobacteriaceae in our study were isolated from various pathological products which were analyzed in the NHZ Laboratory Bacteriology Unit using conventional bacteriological techniques and procedures [9] .

Macroscopic, cytobacteriological examination was performed on all samples. Urine was inoculated on CLED medium. For stools, MacConkey medium with sorbitol, Hektoen were used. Colonies suspected on Hektoen were plated in Kligler-Hajna. Plus, in addition to Mac Conkey, CLED, we used fresh blood agar under CO2. The reading is done after 24 hours and an examination after staining is done on a colony confirming the purity (Gram control). We used the API 20E gallery (Bio Mérieux, France) for strain identification.

We used the agar diffusion method to interpret the critical diameter of the inhibition zones also according to the table established by CA-SFM/ EUCAST2020 [10] .

Penicillin such as Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Ticarcillin, Ticarcillin + clavulanate, Piperacillin, Piperacillin + tazobactam, Cefalotin, Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Cefepime, Ceftazidime, Aztreonam and Imipenem were tested. Some aminosides were also tested including Gentamicin, Tobramicyn and Amikacin. Only Ciprofloxacin of the quinolone family was tested. The sensitivity of colistin was also studied.

We used the phenotypic method. Double disc synergy technique, between discs of third generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone etc) and a disc containing the combination Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (a β-lactamase inhibitor). This synergy results in the formation of an image known as a champagne cork, which indicates the restoration of the activity of C3Gs opposite the Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination [11] .

The data were processed and analyzed using Epi info 3.5.4 and Excel 2010. Variables such as socio-demographic characteristics, nature of the specimen and service their behavior towards antibiotics was effectively investigated.

3. Results

In our study, fifty (50) strains of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the different specimens. Blood culture was not performed in our study. Table 1 shows the distribution of Enterobacteriaceae species. Ten (10) different species of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated including Citobacter koseri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Salmonella Spp, Serratia odifera. Among them Escherichia coli was the most isolated species (62%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 12%). Of these fifty (50) strains, twenty-one (21) were beta-lactamase producing, i.e. a prevalence of 42.0%. A clear male predominance with 71.4% was observed. Female represented only 28.6%. Urine is the product from which most ESBL strains have been isolated. E. coli was the most isolated species in both specimens.

Table 2 shows the distribution of strains according to services and environment. Outpatients are in the majority with a frequency of 61.9% (n = 13). In the inpatient population, the nephrology department reported more EBLSE strains (23.8%), P = 0.207.

Figure 1 shows the resistance of the beta-lactamase producing strains to the beta-lactams. All strains n = 21 (100%) were resistant to: Amoxicillin, Ticarcillin, Ticarcillin + ac clavulanic, Piperacillin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, first and third generation Cephalosporins (C1 and C3) and Aztreonam. However, all n = 21 (100%) strains were susceptible to Imipenem and 90.5% were susceptible to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. A 45% resistance to Cefoxitin was found.

Resistance to aminoglycosides including Gentamicin, Tobramicyn and Amikacin was 66.7%, 61.9% and 47.6% respectively. Strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin at a frequency of 85.7% (Figure 2).

Table 1. Distribution of Enterobacteriaceae strains and their frequencies.

Table 2. Distribution of ESBL strains by department and environment.

Figure 1. Sensitivity of EBLSE to beta-lactams.

Figure 2. The susceptibility profile of EBLS to the aminoglycoside and quinolone family.

4. Discussions

At the end of our study, 42.0% of the isolated strains were extended spectrum beta-lactamase spectrum beta-lactamase. This prevalence is alarmingly high in many African countries [8] . In Togo, Toudji and al report a prevalence of 22.44% [12] . A much lower prevalence (12.5%) was reported in Mali and 12.2% in Morocco in urinary tract infections [13] [14] . This is probably due to the lack of adequate surveillance and antimicrobial use in the region. It has been shown that the lack of resources (human and financial) in our countries where hygiene is poor and antibiotics are poorly used, the absence of an antimicrobial surveillance program, increases the risk of the emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacteria [8] . In contrast, a much higher value was found in Kano (Nigeria) at 66.7% [15] . Here, as in other African countries, antibiotics can be bought over the counter without a prescription. The sale of a few tablets is possible when the patient does not have enough money. Still many patients interrupt the treatment as soon as they feel better before the end of the treatment, keep the remaining tablets in bad condition, for another time or give them to another person with similar complaints without even medical advice [16] .

The anatomical characteristics of the female urethra are short, wide, straight and close to the perianal area [17] . Despite these factors favoring infection, male sex was dominant with a sex ratio of 1.38 in favor of males. Our results disagree with those reported by Mohamed Sbiti and coll. in Morocco [14] . This can be explained by the socio-cultural aspect in our women (modesty, embarrassment to consult for urinary/vaginal infections). They are generally treated with probabilistic antibiotics.

In our study, strains from the outside environment were the most frequently isolated with a frequency of 61.9%. Long limited to the hospital setting, the epidemiology of EBLSE has changed considerably since the 2000s. Since then, EBLSE have been spreading in the community [18] . Escherichia coli were the most isolated species with a frequency of 66.7%. Similar results were reported by Ouédraogo in Burkina Faso (67.5%) [16] . This result can be explained by the promiscuity of the anal and urinary orifice, self-infection is possible. On the one hand Escherichia Coli has factors such as adhesion through which it clings to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract. This mechanism makes it the most incriminated in urinary tract infections [19] . However, Anastay and Coll. in France and Belmonte et al. in Reunion Island report E. cloacae as the most isolated species [20] [21] . The genera Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia have not been found due to their rare isolation in the samples analyzed [12] .

The resistance phenotypes of ESBL strains to different antibiotic families showed 100% resistance to all beta-lactams except Imipenem and Cefoxitin. Both molecules have a methoxyl-0-CH3 radical on the beta-lactam nucleus which protects them from enzyme action. The low resistance observed is probably due to the overexpression of chromosomal cephalosporinase [12] [22] [23] . Resistance to the Amoxicillin/clavulanate combination was 9.5%. Higher results were reported by Ahoyo in Benin and Mahamat in France [24] [25] .

Resistance to aminoglycosides was lower than that observed with beta-lactams. These antibiotics are difficult to access compared to beta-lactams. Their toxicity is sometimes more remarkable and there are only injectable forms, which limits self-medication [12] . On the other hand, Ciprofloxacin, a widely used antibiotic, was 85.7% resistant. The same finding was made by Mutasim and coll. in Sudan [26] . This level of resistance to Aminosides and Ciprofloxacin may be due to the fact that the plasmid carrying the beta-lactam resistance gene may also carry other resistance genes such as QnrA (quinolone resistance gene) [27] [28] .

Finally, the limitations of this study remain the non-availability of certain materials and reagents to continue the analysis of the isolated bacterial strains.

5. Conclusion

Our study revealed a high prevalence of EBLSE of 42% Escherichia coli was the most isolated species (62%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%). Cross-resistance to other families of antibiotics including aminoside and quinolon was observed. This must be taken into account in order to curb this scourge which constitutes a real public health problem. Studies on the circulating gene will allow us to know more about these beta-lactamases.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Ruppé, E. (2010) épidémiologie des bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi: L’Avènement des CTX-M. Antibiotiques, 12, 3-16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antib.2010.01.003
[2] Roxby, P. (2022) Résistance aux antimicrobiens: Des millions de personnes meurent d'infections, selon un rapport mondial. BBC News Afrique.
https://www.bbc.com/afrique/monde-60069604
[3] Philippon, A. (2013) Les bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi ou étendu (BLSE). Immuno- Analyse & Biologie Spécialisée, 28, 287-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immbio.2013.04.006
[4] Vora, S. and Auckenthaler, R. (2009) Que signifie “bêtalactamases à spectre élargi” en pratique? Revue Médicale Suisse, 5, 1991-1994.
https://www.revmed.ch/revue-medicale-suisse/2009/revue-medicale-suisse-220/que-signifie-betalactamases-a-spectre-elargi-en-pratique#tab=tab-read
[5] Cattoir, V. and Bicêtre, F. (2008) Les nouvelles bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE). Pathologie Infectieuse en Réanimation, MAPAR, 2008, 204-209.
[6] Résistance aux antibiotiques. Institut Pasteur.
https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/centre-medical/fiches-maladies/resistance-aux-antibiotiques
[7] Feglo, P., Adu-Sarkodie, Y., Ayisi, L., Jain, R., Spurbeck, R.R., et al. (2013) Emergence of a Novel Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing, Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Clone of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51, 728-730.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03006-12
[8] Ouedraogo, A.S., Jean Pierre, H., Bañuls, A.L., Ouédraogo, R. and Godreuil, S. (2017) émergence et diffusion de la résistance aux antibiotiques en Afrique de l’Ouest: Facteurs favorisants et évaluation de la menace. Médecine et Santé Tropicales, 27, 147-154.
https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2017.0678
[9] Denis, F., Ploy,M.-C., Martin, C., Bingen, é and Quentin, R. (2007) Bactériologie Médicale: Techniques Usuelles. 3rd Edition, Elsevier, Paris, 543 p.
[10] CA-SFM (Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Francaise de Microbiologie), EUCAST (European Commitee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility) (2020) Re- commandations 2020. Vol. 1.1.
[11] Détection des Bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE).
https://microbiologie-clinique.com/Detection-beta-lactamases-BLSE.html
[12] Toudji, A.G., Djeri, B., Karou, S.D., Tigossou, S., Ameyapoh, Y. and de Souza, C. (2017) Prévalence des souches d’entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi isolées au Togo et de leur sensibilité aux antibiotiques. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 11, 65-77.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v11i3.19
[13] Kalambry, A., Gaudré, N., Dramé, B.S., Poudiougo, A., Kassogué, A., Koné, H. and Diarra, A. (2019) Profil de résistance aux bêta-lactamines des entérobactéries isolées des prélèvements urinaires à l’Hôpital du Mali. Revue Malienne d’Infectiologie et de Microbiologie, 14, 6-13.
https://doi.org/10.53597/remim.v14i2.1363
[14] Sbiti, M., Lahmadi, K. and Louzi, L. (2017) Profil épidémiologique des entérobactéries uropathogènes productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi. Pan African Medical Journal, 28, Article 29.
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.29.11402
[15] Yusha’u, M., Aliyu, H., Kumurya, A. and Suleiman, K. (2010) Prevalence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) among Enterobacteriaceae in Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3, 169-172.
https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v3i1.58756
[16] Ouedraogo, A.-S., Sanou, M., Kissou, A., Sanou, S., Solaré, H., Kaboré, F., et al. (2016) High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase Producing enterobacteriaceae among Clinical Isolates in Burkina Faso. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, Article No. 326.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1655-3
[17] Getaneh, T., Negesse, A., Dessie, G., Desta, M. and Tigabu, A. (2021) Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BioMed Research International, 2021, Article ID: 6551526.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6551526
[18] Zahar, J.-R., Bille, E., Schnell, D., Lanternier, F., Mechai, F., Masse, V., et al. (2009) Diffusion communautaire des entérobactéries sécrétrices de β-lactamase à spectre élargi (EBLSE). Medical Sciences (Paris), 25, 939-944.
https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20092511939
[19] Infection urinaire: Tout savoir pour la soigner. Qare.
https://www.qare.fr/sante/infection-urinaire/
[20] Anastay, M., Lagier, E., Blanc, V. and Chardon, H. (2013) épidémiologie des bêtalactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE) chez les entérobactéries dans un hôpital du sud de la France, 1999-2007. Pathologie Biologie, 61, 38-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2012.03.001
[21] Belmonte, O., Drouet, D., Alba, J., Moiton, M.-P., Kuli, B., Lugagne-Delpon, N., et al. (2010) évolution de la résistance des entérobactéries aux antibiotiques sur l’ile de la Réunion: émergence des bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi. Pathologie Biologie, 58, 18-24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2009.07.021
[22] Davido, B., Senard, O., Bouchand, F., Deconinck, L., Matt, M., Fellous, L., et al. (2018) Efficacité de la céfoxitine dans les infections urinaires (IU) à E.coli et K.pneumoniae BLSE. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 48, S103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2018.04.257
[23] Jacoby, G.A. (2009) AmpC β-Lactamases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22, 161-182.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00036-08
[24] Ahoyo, A.T., Baba-Moussa, L., Anago, A.E., Avogbe, P., Missihoun, T.D., Loko, F., et al. (2007) Incidence d’infections liées à Escherichia coli producteur de bêta lactamase à spectre élargi au Centre hospitalier départemental du Zou et Collines au Bénin. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 37, 746-752.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2007.03.004
[25] Mahamat, A., Lavigne, J.-P., Bouziges, N., Daurès, J.-P. and Sotto, A. (2006) Profils de résistance des souches urinaires de Proteus mirabilis de 1999 à 2005 au CHU de Nimes. Pathologie Biologie, 54, 456-461.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.015
[26] Ibrahim, M.E., Bilal, N.E., Magzoub, M.A. and Hamid, M.E. (2013) Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Escherichia coli from Hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Oman Medical Journal, 28, 116-120.
https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2013.30
[27] Paterson, D.L. and Bonomo, R.A. (2005) Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: A Clinical Update. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18, 657-686.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005
[28] Aibinu, I.E., Ohaegbulam, V.C., Adenipekun, E.A., Ogunsola, F.T., Odugbemi, T.O. and Mee, B.J. (2003) Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter Species from Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 2197-2200.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.5.2197-2200.2003

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.