Prevalence of Spinal and Bony Structural Disorders in Saudi Adult Using MRI in Different Genders ()
1. Introduction
Spinal problems affect the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, facet joints, tendons, ligaments, muscles, spinal cord, and nerve roots, among other things [1]. The spine is the body’s central support structure; it protects and conducts the spinal cord while also allowing for flexibility and shock absorption. The mechanical qualities and anatomic shape of the vertebrae, discs, and surrounding soft tissues are all affected by spinal degeneration [2].
X-rays were the only imaging tool available at the direct site of the spine just a few years ago. This test is valid and useful for analyzing vertebral curves, but it also demonstrates when measurements are required to avoid difficulties caused by the test’s limitations or structural image overlap for disk structures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most comprehensive imaging technique available, correctly portraying soft tissue and skeletal structures and detecting subtle abnormalities with high sensitivity. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging [3].
Spine curvatures (kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis), disc diseases, and degenerative spondylitis alterations are among the types of degenerative spinal pathologies studied in this study. The prevalence of these diseases was also assessed based on gender.
Previous studies in Nigeria have reported a wide range of prevalence of low back pain of 38% to 73.5% in the literature [4] [5] [6] [7] in agreement with the reported figures in Western and African Countries [8]. In this study, the researcher evaluated the prevalence of spinal and bony structural disorders in Saudi population adults using MRI in different gender.
2. Materials and Methods
Between November 2020 and February 2021, a retrospective study was conducted at the MRI departments of King Faisal Specialist Hospital and King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital to investigate the prevalence of spinal disorders in the Saudi population using MRI correlated to gender. With a serial number (RB Registration Number With KACST, KSA: HAP-02-T-067), a written ethical approval was obtained from King Faisal specialized hospital and King Abdul-Aziz specialist, then from the administration of research and studies in the directorate of health affairs in Taif.
Data was gathered using data collection sheet containing all the variables. A total of 100 MRI reports were included in the sample. All of the patients were imaged using a general electric MR machine 1.5 tesla. The following information was taken from the patient records: ages, gender, and MRI findings. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) Version.25 was used to analyze the data. Mean descriptive statistics to summarize the data; the standard error was employed. The level of statistical significance for these correlations was set at p = 0.05 regarded as statistically significant for categorical data and then used the Pearson chi-square test to correlate between study variables.
MRI spine:
There are several types of medical imaging available, but we focused on the most frequent device in this study: the GE MRI 1.5 Tesla. The MRI of the lumbar spine, which is frequently used to examine lower back pain, does not require any preparation, but you should remove all metal objects and ask the patient to remain still to obtain the best MRI image. Imaging takes 30 - 60 minutes on average. The patient will lie supine on the examination table with a spine coil wrapped around him. The technician will then arrange the patient in the proper posture, with the longitudinal alignment light in the midline and the horizontal alignment light passing through the third lumbar vertebrae.
3. Results
The study found that spinal disorders are more common in males 54%, the older age are affected with spinal disorders than the younger age group, and more than half of the affected participants are in age more than 50 years (Table 1).
Concerning MRI finding the bony disorders are more than others, and the most common spinal bony disorders are straightening 59%, followed by lordosis 20%, then the disc disorders with disc bulge more than others 15% then the spondylo-degenerative changes 21% (Table 2).
The most affected region in the spine is lumber 57% and cervical 39% (Figure 1).
No significant correlation was found between MRI final diagnosis and genders, with a p-value of more than 0.05, despite that straitening and lordosis are more common in males, while kyphosis and scoliosis are more in females, the degenerative disc diseases and spondylo-degenerative diseases are more common in females (Table 3).
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Table 3. Cross tabulation between finding and gender.
p-value > 0.05.
4. Discussion
This study intended to assess the prevalence of spinal illnesses diagnosed by MRI, which is the imaging method of choice for the majority of spinal problems.
The study revealed that the spinal disorders are more common in males 54%, the older age are affected with spinal disorders than the younger age group, and more than half of the affected participants are in age more than 50 years. One study looked at the pathology of the lumber spine in back pain patients and found that roughly 53% of them were men, with 69 percent mentioning indications of nerve root compression. In 3% of the individuals, serious diseases were discovered. MRI findings were abnormal in 94 percent of the patients. [9] Of the 100 patients tested for all spinal column diseases in this study, around 54 percent were men.
Straightening and lordosis were identified to be the most common bone structural abnormalities in the spine in this investigation. Disc bulge is common in the asymptomatic population, and it’s typically overlooked because it’s not linked to low back pain. In asymptomatic populations, the prevalence of disc bulges ranges from 20% in young adults to >75% in patients over 70 years of age [10]. The prevalence of disc bulging was 15% in this study.
The bony disorders of the spinal column, such as straightening, are more common in males, whereas degenerative diseases are more common in females in this study. The degenerative diseases are more common in females in this study because estrogen levels are low in females 50 years or older, and more than half of the study samples are 50 years or older. The findings of this study support the findings of Parenteau, Chantal S, et al., who found that females have a higher prevalence of spine degeneration than males. Despite the fact that straitening and lordosis are more common in males, kyphosis and scoliosis are more common in females, and degenerative disc diseases and spondylo-degenerative diseases are more common in females, no significant correlation was found between MRI final diagnoses and genders, p-value greater than 0.05.
As previously stated, the most common diseases of the cervical and lumbar spines were neck and lower back pain (LBP). Leboeuf-Yde et al. [11] and Elfering and Mannion [1] revealed that LBP was the most common, followed by neck pain, and finally thoracic discomfort, in a population-based study of 34,902 adult Danish twins. LBP was projected to have a lifetime prevalence of 75 - 85 percent, a 12-month prevalence of 15 - 45 percent, a 12-month incidence of up to 20 percent, and an annual recurrence rate of up to 60 percent [12]. According to a comprehensive study of the global prevalence of LBP, the point prevalence of LBP was 11.9 percent, and the one-month prevalence was 23.2 percent [6].
5. Conclusion
Straightening is the most prevalent MRI-diagnosed spine problem, followed by degenerative illnesses, according to the study. Despite the fact that degenerative diseases are more common in females than males, there was no significant link between genders and the categories of MRI-diagnosed spinal abnormalities.
6. Limitations
Loss of sufficient information to support the search, difficulties acquiring enough information regarding spine illnesses, insufficient time to collect more data, and COVID-19 are all limitations of this study. More research should be done to recommend that clinical information be added.