The Victim’s Profiles of Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitional Characteristics, Coping with Sexual Violence in Analysis by a Phenomenological-Experimental Method ()
1. Introduction
Where Modern society is positioned is told that it is transferring from collective consent to individual one (Durkheim, 1993). Collectivism is to require that individuals should correspond to the social cult imbedding them. If each of them is not conformed to the cult, he or she is destined to be eliminated. In contrast, individualism is to afford that variety of cults addicted by individuals are acceptable to the society embodied by them. So anyone clinging to each cult could not be alienated. The shift of social consciousnesses is what is called a kind of revolution since the traditional paradigm is overthrown and substituted by the new one (Bird, 2002; Kuhn, 1977). However, the transitional time, somewhat long when the traditional and the new ones are compounded, contributes to evil to make moral consensus confused, infecting individuals, and contaminating the whole society at last. The successively processes of confusion are defined as “Anomie” termed by E. Durkheim (Horton, 1964), while he prescribed the moral doctrines to make the Anomie set down for the social stability insomuch as he proclaimed that the ethical principles are wefts and cut files of society since society is dismantled without moral sustainability (Durkheim, 2004).
Of the social moralities, sexual one is the most impactful to support society (Benagiano, Carrara, & Filippi, 2012) insomuch the sexual relation is basic to building family which is the primary unit to construct a society. The sexual moralities if broken are fast to influence in the destruction of all the daily living, developing more anomie of social disturbance, compared to other ethical evils.
For this reason, sexual crimes should be alerted. The Korean ones have counted to more seriousness in the increase in quantity and change in deterioration such as the span of crime ages extended, and humanistic decadence induced in the family. According to Korean police office reports (Korean Police Office, 2021), the increase in the sexual crimes of rape, abuse, and cyber violence amounted to 23,537 in 2019 which was rising since 2015, and the change in deterioration was expounded by that compared in types of the sexual crime from 2010 to 2019, the rapes were decreased a little from 21.3% to 18.2%, however, the abuses were increased from 35.5% to 49.2%, and cyber violence such as sexual photographs from 5.6% to 184%.
To analyze the processes of sexual crimes in increase and deterioration, as shown above, this study adopts a theoretical framework that is developed to analyze a variety of psychological characteristics by Lee et al in their recent research. They proclaimed that performance is observed in the level of behavior, which is evoked by the level of emotion, which is reasoned by the level of cognition. The succeeding 3 levels are termed as BEC as in behavior (B), which is preceded by emotion (E), which is followed by cognition (C). The sequential chart does not flow once, but continuously by feedback until behavior is performed. It is commented that in some cases parts of the 3 levels could be omitted. Approving that, it is more generally understood that a level told as the omitted could be too weak inactivation to appear, but in a deeper analysis and a changed tool to be observed. Thus it is suggestive that the BEC analysis could be applicable to this study, as Lee et al have demonstrated somewhat success in their research as referred to the BEC types of labor (Lee, Jeong, & Lee, 2017; Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2019), the BEC traits of social effort (Sohn, Lee, & Lee, 2018), and the BEC profiles of love (Ju, Lee, & Lee, 2018; Ju, Li, & Lee, 2019). The BEC model has been discussed by Weiner (1980) earlier than Lee et al when social attitudes are analyzed into behavior (action), emotion (affection), and belief (cognition). In critic by Lee et al, they did not concern that the 3 levels would be successive in causality, but that how the 3 aspects, not so told as levels, would be matched or contradicted each other to understand some social attitudes and attributions as complicated, antisocial, or what else. This study attempted to analyze the types of sexual violence and the victim’s files, adopting Lee’s BEC model, getting diagnoses of sexual violence, and finding treatments for recovery from violence damages.
To find profiles of BEC purposed by this study is the somewhat professional analysis which should be undertaken by experts. So this study was requested to invite a group of experts to describe sexual crime processes. The experts could take the role of phenomenologists which should not be subjective in biased from observing the realities of the presented situations as the phenomenological research is lined by E. Husserl (1859-1938), and referred to Moustakas (1994). Minding the research methods, this study presented the cases of sexual violence which are real but edited (“modeled by the real sexual crimes” as described in this text), regarding personal privacy protection. To preserve the objectivity of questions and responses, this study constructed a questionnaire approaching an experiment which has a scale of 1 - 7 levels in response (so-called, Likert scale), making a useful solution to statistic processes. The method invented by this study is so different from general surveys and personal questionnaires in 3 points, at first, this study applied the phenomenological method to make the reality preserved while the incident cases were modeled by the real sexual crimes. Second, it invited exerts in describing sexual crime processes to make them observe the complicated cases. Third, it made the experts respond in a constructed questionnaire to make statistical analysis available. So it is evaluated that this study integrates phenomenological and experimental methods to be designed to fix this research purpose.
Expounding this study’s specification for the coming up results, first, the BEC profiles are varied due to the cases of violence, and related to varieties of the variables manipulated, which are construed to the processes of the violence. It is interesting how each of the cognitional, emotional, and behavioral activations may be diverse in the attribution of violence, suggesting treatments to cope with the violence.
Second, the counseling and treatments may make the victim recover from violence damages. It is evaluated whether the punishing offender and the guardian’s concern may be effective in the recovering victims, which of the counselor’s roles may be better guardian or advocate, and what is purposed by counseling to the victim’s maturation in social relations and his or her recovery from damages.
Third, the design of this study which was constructed with the profiles of the cognitional, emotional, and behavioral characteristics, and the violence cases, may produce much significance in the causes and processes of violence, and the treatment effect on recovery from damages, showing this design would be recommended.
At the last, this study which invented a methodology of phenomenological observation aided by experimental measurement may be suggestive to analyze the violent cases modeled by the real crimes. It is questionable for evaluating whether a group of trained experts in describing sexual crime processes observed the violent cases, and a constricted questionnaire to be responded 7 scale rating for statistical analysis may be well combined.
2. Method
2.1. Participant
All were sampled from experts in describing sexual crime processes and amounted to 56 people. They were requested to respond to a questionnaire that concerns to the processes of sexual violence, and were free to join in or reject to participation, regarding their freedom and right. Among them, females counted for 49 (87.5%), and male for 7 (12.5%), representing the sex proportion of their specialty of work. The 30 years of age counted to 11, the 40 to 29, the 50 to 15, and the 60 to 1. The Christian counted to 27, Buddhist to 6, and atheist to 23.
2.2. Questionnaire
The cases were constructed by simulation modeled from the real sexual crimes. They were conditioned to the 4 cases as followed as the offender acquainted with the victim-the violence high (oA-vH), the offender acquainted to the victim-the violence low (oA-vL), the offender unacquainted with the victim-the violence high (oU-vH), and the offender unacquainted with the victim-the violence low (oU-vL).
The case oA-vH: The age of the victim (a female as she) was 11 years and the offender 33 (a male called as he). Since the divorce between her parents at the age of 10 years, she had been reared by her mother, After 1 year passed her mother’s, she was got into sexual abuse and raped by her mother’s friend of cohabit. She consulted the violence with her brother living separated who reported it to the police. She was good in health and had average comprehension and expression during interviews of the incident. Especially, she had reserved the memo of writing and recording of voices during the violence. She was angry with her mother who she thought had neglected to the violence.
The case oA-vL: The age of the victim (female called as she) was 12 years and the offender 13 (male called as he). They had been acquainted at first by working in the same academy for extra lessons, and developed the exchange relationship for 1 year, sharing the physical petting in pubic parkers. At last, he visited to her home, touching her genital parts in spite of her refusal, and then she escaped from him saying no further meeting. As he continued to attempt meeting via the internet talking, she contacted a counselor who reported it to the police. She was good in health and good in education. She was active in living, and she attempted much to get an apology from him but failed, to be angry with him and to be fallen in stressed before contacting the counselor.
The case oU-vH: The age of the victim (female called as she) was 9 years and the offender 58 (male called as he). He approached near to her when she was about to take in the elevator of her apartment, getting to talk by saying in a lie that he was living on the 12th floor, knowing that she was living on the 7th. When they arrived on the 7th, he followed her, saying that he had some talks interesting for her. He allured her, touching her genital parts, holding her on his knee on the stairs avoiding others. When she returned home, she told the incident to her mother who reported it to the police. She was good in health and good in education. She reported in detail for an interview of the incident. She propounded she pretended to be kind to him during the incident, worrying about the worse violence of killing and kidnapping her.
The case oU-vL: The age of the victim (female called as she) was 12 years and the offender 16 (male called as he). They had been connected by internet chatting, exchanging sexual tales for the 1st day. On the 2nd day when they were not fully acquainted with each other, he visited her home. When he was permitted to pet her body, he attempted to rape her, but at partially doing he was stooped, because her aunt arrived at home to watch the violence, reporting to police. She was good in health and good in education. She was active in living, but she was stuttering during interviews of the incident. She pretended to think that the incident was due to her mistakes.
The same questions of total of 19 items were repeated over each of the cases. They were related to the victim’s characteristics of: 1) the cognitional, 2) emotional, and 3) behavioral ones, to the nonsense of 4) the victim’s and 5) guardian’s, 6) offenders to the attribution of the incident to 7) the victim, 8) offender, and 9) guardian, to the negative feeling as 10) the self-reproach, 11) anxiety to the guardian’s reproach, and 12) anger to the offender and 13) guardian, to the victim’s reliability to 14) the enforced authority and 15) sympathizer, to the crime quality as represented by 16) the offender’s violence levels and 17) victim’s damage levels, and at last to the defense by 18) victim’s counteraction and 19) the defense effect. Regardless of the cases, the common questions amounted to 6 items which were deployed after all cases were finished. They were related to the treatment to recover from damage as divided by: 1) the punishing the offender, and 2) guardian’s concern, the counseling effect on 3) the recovery from trauma, and 4) victim’s maturation, and the counselor’s role as 5) the guardian’s and 6) advocate.
2.3. Procedural
The participants were instructed to analyze what elements of sexual violence tangled in each case, read the case introduction and responding to the 19 questions repeated to each case, and respond to the 6 common questions regardless of cases. The questionnaire was given to experts in describing sexual crime processes, collecting their responses in person by person.
The statists were processed by SPSS v.26. The data sampling was processed from July 5 2021 to July 15, 2021. The statists were processed by SPSS v.26.
3. Result
This study manipulated 19 questions repeated in each of the 4 cases, and 6 questioned ones common regardless of each case by within-subject variables. The responses scaled by 1 - 7 ratings were analyzed by Pierson Correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to produce the study’s result as followed.
3.1. Correlation of Variables in Each of the Violence Cases
3.1.1. Correlation in Each Pair of the Victim’s Cognitional, Emotional, and Behavioral Levels for Each Case
The victim’s cognition, emotion, and behavior were measured by the experts’ rating in the related items of the questionnaire. For the case of the oA-vH, the correlations of the victim’s cognition-emotion (r = .395, p = .003), cognition-behavior (r = .296, p = .027) and emotion-behavior (r = .277, p = .038) were significant. For the case of the oA-vL, the correlations of the victim’s cognition-emotion (r = .789, p = .000), cognition-behavior (r = .599, p = .000), and emotion-behavior (r = .640, p = .000), were significant. For the case of the oU-vH, the correlations of the victim’s cognition-emotion (r = .702, p = .000) was significant. For the case of the oU-vL, the correlations of the victim’s cognition-emotion (r = .315, p = .018), and emotion-behavior (r = .411, p = .002) were significant. The results suggested that in cases of the offender acquainted to the victim, their cognition, emotion, and behavior were correlated. However in the cases of the offender unacquainted to the victim, the high emotional stresses as anxieties and fears which were arisen by the offender unacquainted blocked too much the emotional activities to set on the other performances.
3.1.2. Correlation of the Victims’ Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior to the Other Variables for Each Case
The other variables which are supposed to correlate with the victims’ cognitional, emotional, and behavioral character were constructed in this questionnaire. They are construed as causes and processes of sexual violence, and recovery and prevention from damages.
For the case of the oA-vH, the correlations of the victim’s cognition with the victim’s nonsense (r = −.335, p = .012), the guardian’s nonsense (r = .272, p = .043), and the reliability to authority (r = −.278, p = .038), were significant. The correlation of the victim’s emotion with the victim’s maturation for recovery (r = −.306, p = .022), was significant. The results of the oA-vH suggested that as the victim’s cognition is higher, the recovery was attributed to inner conditions. However, as the victim’s emotion is higher, the recovery is attributed to outer conditions. The attribution for recovery was reversed between the levels of the victim’s cognition and emotion, since the emotion feared by the high violence could not do the inner attribution but the cognition was not infected.
For the case of the oA-vL, the correlations of the victim’s cognition with the anger to the offender (r = .296, p = .027), the reliability to authority (r = .376, p = .004), the reliability of sympathizer (r = .289, p = .031), the victim’s counteraction (r = .543, p = .000), and counselor’s role of guardian (r = .309, p = .020) were significant. The correlation of the victim’s emotion with the offender’s nonsense (r = .389, p = .003), the anger to the offender (r = .333, p = .012), the reliability to authority (r = .370, p = .005), the offender’s violence level (r = .277, p = .039), and the victim’s counteraction (r = .444, p = .001), were significant. The correlation of the victim’s behavior with the offender’s nonsense (r = .374, p = .005), the reliability authority (r = .289, p = .031), the reliability of sympathizer (r = .275, p = .040), the victim’s counteraction (r = .362, p = .006), the punishing offender (r = .276, p = .039), and the guardian’s concern (r = .362, p = .006) were significant. The results of the oA-vL suggested that the effects of the victim’s cognition, emotion, and behavior were diverse and similar, getting times of self defense since the offender acquainted and the violence low evoked non higher fear. As the victim’s cognition is higher, the recovery was attributed to inner conditions. However, as the victim’s emotion is higher, the recovery was attributed to outer conditions. The attribution for recovery was reversed between the levels of the victim’s cognition and emotion, since the emotion feared by the high violence could not do the inner attribution but the cognition not infected. As the levels of cognition, emotion, and behavior were higher, the attribution to violence was to direct inner, and the diverse attempts to get the others’ help for recovery were grown positive.
For the case of the oU-vH, the correlations of the victim’s cognition with the attribution to offender’s (r = .430, p = .001), the anger to the offender (r = .356, p = .007), and the reliability authority (r = .270, p = .044), were significant. The correlation of the victim’s behavior with the victim’s nonsense (r = −.470, p = .000), and the reliability to sympathizer (r = .394, p = .003), were significant. The results of the oU-vH suggested that as the victim’s cognition is higher, the recovery was attributed to outer conditions such as the offender and the authorities. As the victim’s behavior is higher, the recovery was attributed to the offender. So, the attribution for recovery was one-directed to the assured object, regardless of cognition, emotion, and behavior since the severe and fearful conditions were evoked in that the offender was unacquainted and the violence was high.
For the case of the oU-vL, the correlations of the victim’s cognition with the offender’s nonsense (r = .424, p = .001) was significant. The correlation of the victim’s behavior with the guardian’s nonsense (r = −.390, p = .003), the attribution to offender’s (r = .288, p = .031), the attribution to gardener’s responsibility (r = .432, p = .001), the reliability to sympathizer (r = .266, p = .048), the offender’s violence level (r = −.514, p = .000), the victim’s damage level (r = −.376, p = .004), and the victim’s defensive effect (r = .425, p = .001) were significant. The results of the oU-vL suggested that as the victim’s cognition is higher, the victim recognized the offender’s nonsense. As the victim’s behavior is higher, the victim attributes to the offender’s, and the guardian’s, getting self-defense, and the reliability authority to mitigate the offender’s violence level and the victim’s damage level.
3.2. ANOVA in Variables of the Violence Cases, and BEC Profiles
Investigating the correlations as above, ANOVA was processed to find causality among variables manipulated in this study.
3.2.1. Comparison of the Violence Cases
The violence levels manipulated each of cases was shown as the following to check the manipulation confirmed. For the violence levels rated by a scale from 1 as the lowest to 7 as the highest, the case oA-vH of M = 6.05 and oU-vH of M = 6.17 were contrasted to oU-vL of M = 5.98 and oU-vL of M = 5.55. The contrast were significant, F = 8.50, df = 1/55, MSe = .80, p = .00. For the victim’s damage rated on a scale from 1 as the lowest to 7 as the highest, the case oA-vH of M = 6.25 and oU-vH of M = 6.32 were contrasted to oU-vL of M = 5.96 and oU-vL of M = 5.85. The contrast were significant F = 7.93, df = 1/55, MSe = .99, p = .00. It is suggested that difference checked in oA-vH and oU-vH contrasted to oA-vL and oU-vL was owing to violence levels manipulated by the construction of cases to be commented as successful in design.
3.2.2. Victim’s Profiles on the Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitional Characteristics
Psychological characteristics were analyzed to behavior, emotion, and cognition guided by Lee’s BEC model. The ANOVA resulted in an interaction between BEC profiles and the violence cases as shown in Figure 1. Investigating in details, the conditions varied by the acquainted/unacquainted offender and the high/low violence interacted in the cognitional character, F = 16.86, df = 1/55, MSe = .95, p = .00. It is suggested that in the case of the unacquainted offender and the higher violence, the cognition level was higher estimated, watching the victim’s strategies of self-defense and escape. For the emotional level, the conditions varied by the acquainted/unacquainted offender and the high/low violence interacted, F = 63.13, df = 1/55, MSe = 1.63, p = .00. It is suggested that in the case of the lower violence, the emotional level was higher estimated in the acquainted offender but lower in the unacquainted, watching the emotional level
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Figure 1. The interaction of cognitional (Cog), emotional (Em), and behavioral (Beh) characteristic, and the violence cases as the acquainted offender-the high violence (oA-vH) the acquainted offender-the low violence (oA-vL) the unacquainted offender-the high violence (oU-vH), and the unacquainted offender-the low violence (oU-vL). The statistics are means of each condition on 1 to 7 of rating scale, higher is the score, higher is the activation.
was higher activated in the lower violence and the acquaintance of the offender. For the behavioral level, the conditions varied by the acquainted/unacquainted offender and the high/low violence interacted, F = 92.60, df = 1/55, MSe = 1.70, p = .00. It is suggested that in the case of the lower violence, the behavioral level was higher estimated in the acquainted offender but lower in the unacquainted, watching the behavioral level was higher activated in the lower violence and the acquaintance of the offender.
3.3. The Analysis of the Recovery Variables Common over the Violence Cases
The common variables which were not included in each of the violence cases were required to analyze the effects of the 2 treatments on the victim’s recovery from damages (Recovery effect), the 2 counseling effects on recovery (Counseling effect), and the 2 counselor’s roles for recovery(Counselor’s role).
The recovery effects were composited of the punishing of offender, and the guardian’s concern. The correlation of the punishing offender with the guardian’s concern (r = .320, p = .016) was significant. The counseling effects were composited of the recovery from trauma, and the victim’s maturation. The correlation of the recovery from trauma with the victim’s maturation (r = .285, p = .033) were significant. The counselor’s roles were composited of the guardian’s, and the advocate’s for the victim. The correlation of the guardian’s with the advocate’s (r = .599, p = .000) were significant. It is suggested that the punishing of offender, and the guardian’s concern were effective on the victim’s recovery from damages, the counseling was effective on the recovery from trauma and the victim’s maturation, and the counselor’s role worked on behalf of the guardian and advocate.
The ANOVA was processed on the common variables as the 2 recovery effects, the 2 counseling effects, and the 2 counselor’s roles. Inspecting the results, the recovery effects from damages were higher by the guardian’s concern (M = 6.554, SD = .601) than the punishing offender (M = 5.732, SD = 1.070), F = 34.51, df = 1/55, MSe = .55, p = .000. It is suggested that the punishing treat treatment is not all, but the guardian’s concern is necessary.
The counseling effects were not differed (p = .08) between the recovery from trauma, and the victim’s maturation. It is suggested that considering the high correlation between them, they all worked to be effective. The counseling roles were not differed (p = .91) between the guardian’s and the advocate’s maturation. It is suggested that the counseling roles construe to the duality of guardian and advocate.
4. Discussion
This study interpreted and discussed the statistical analysis of measures estimated by the related experts, and designed in 4 cases, which were constructed by manipulating the acquainted/unacquainted offender crossed with the high/low violence. The analysis concerned the processes of sexual violence, finding the violence causes, and the treatments for recovery from violence and damage. The theorization supporting analysis was centered on the victim’s characteristics estimated as behavioral, emotional, and cognitional levels as proposed by Lee et al. (2017, 2019).
All the 4 cases introduced by this study were phenomenological in description with the combination of elements that were extracted from the real crimes. What the experts observed in the cases is formed in 7 scale ratings which are available for statistical analysis. In this aspect, this study’s methodology is evaluated as a combination of phenomenological and experimental. It is commented that this study has resulted in a successfully pragmatic one insofar as this study demonstrated the research suggestions which are something valuable.
Conferring on the research results, as Section 1.1 suggested, the victim’s cognitional, emotional, and behavioral levels were correlated but in cases of the unacquainted offender, they are less correlated, implicating that the high emotional stress evoked by the unacquainted offender suppressed the normal combination of the BEC.
As Section 1.2 suggested, the cognitional levels were correlated with inner processes, the emotional levels with outer processes, and the behavioral levels with the victim’s anger so as to be one of emotional activity. To discuss the attribution processes, as the victim’s cognition is higher, the recovery was attributed to inner conditions except in the case of oU-vH. However, as the victim’s emotion including behavior only in case oU-vH is higher, the recovery was attributed to outer conditions.
As Section 2.1 suggested, the victim’s damage from violence and the offender’s violence shown in cases were differentiated owing to the violent cases as manipulated. The victim’s damage and the offender’s violence in proportional relation were checked to find that oA-vH and oU-vH contrasted to oA-vL and oU-vL. The contrast is commented as successful in design to manipulate the violence cases of this study.
As Section 2.2 suggested, the victim’s characteristics were shown generally in order that the cognition was activated to higher, the emotion to medium, and the behavior to lower, but the profiles were varied due to the violence cases manipulated. Generally commenting, the high cognition was activated to make some strategies for self-defense as shown in cases of high violence. However, the emotional and behavioral activity was exempted higher from suppression under the cases of the low crisis as shown in cases of low violence.
As Section 2.3 suggested, the victim’s recovery from damage was improved by the effect of the punishing offender and the guardian’s concern, implying that the punishing treatment is not all, but the guardian’s concern is necessary. The counseling effect was evaluated in the recovery from trauma and the victim’s maturation, high correlated to propound that they all worked to be effective. The counselor’s role worked on behalf of the guardian and advocate, implying that the counselor’s role was to take duality of them.
5. Implication
Discussing this study’s application and limitation, in the beginning, the BEC profiles as varied due to the cases of violence were observed to be related with varieties of the variables. The victim’s emotion was suppressed inactivation under the case of the high violence but the cognition was vivid to cope with the high violence, resulting in the cognition working to attribute the victim’s recovery of damage to the inner variables, but the emotion lined up with the behavior in some cases did to outer attribution. Thus, it is concluded that the analysis of the victim’s profiles of BEC is primary to cope with the violent cases and crimes.
Second, the treatments to make victims recover from violence damages required more the guardian’s concern than the punishing offender which was even effective. The counselor behaved dual roles of guardian and advocate, contributing to the victim’s maturation in social relations and to his or her recovery from damages.
Third, the design of this study which constructed the profiles of the cognitional, emotional, and behavioral characteristics, and the violence cases, resulted in much significance in the causes and processes of violence, and the treatment effect on recovery from damages. This significance shows this design would be recommended for further research.
Forth, this study invented a methodology of phenomenological observation aided by experimental measurement, where a group of the trained experts in describing sexual crime processes observed the violence cases modeled by the real crimes and responded 7 scale rating to a constructed questionnaire to make statistics processed. The methodology may be discussed on what are gains or losses compared to the pure phenomenological and experimental one, requesting much further application for evaluation.
At the last, this study was limited by the 56 sample size of the observers, the 4 cases of the sexual violence in Korea, and the self-constructed questionnaire to make a generalization of the research results. The limitation is thought to be discussed further. However it is regarded that the sample size is not limited considered in the phenomenological observation, the questionnaire of non-standard is applicable in consideration of the presenting cases to fix responses, and the 4 violence cases of Korean are required to be extended to more cases in the other societies.
Acknowledgements
This research was processed in the facilities of Kangnam University and Gyeongsang National University. The first author, Jihoe Kim who proposed this study, constructed the questionnaire, processed sampling and analyzing data, and revised the draft. The second author, Bonyoung Khu advised all processes of this research and revised the draft. The correspondent author, Yang Lee revised the design and questionnaire, composed the theories and drafted and finished this article. Keonho Shin reviewed the theories and suggested the application and the further analysis. The data collection was helped by Jeonghwoan Seo and Miseon Lee. All participants are covered by Gyeongsang National University IRB’s Codes for Human Subject Protection to assure their freedom and right in this study.