Improved Directivity of an OAM Antenna by a Fabry-Perot Cavity: An Experimental Study ()
1. Introduction
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been proposed to improve spectral efficiency [1] [2] [3] [4] in radio communications, by creating multiple sub-channels of propagation corresponding to the twisting degree of the electromagnetic wave. Several applications for object identification [5] and radars [6] [7] have also been proposed.
Whereas the phase of a usual plane wave is constant on the wavefront, the phase α of OAM waves undergoes a linear variation along the angular coordinate φ (roll angle): α = lφ, where l is an integer number called the “topological charge” or the order of the OAM mode.
At radio frequencies, a single patch antenna [8] [9] [10] [11] or a phased array of patch antennas [11] [12] [13] is proposed to generate the phase variation of waves bearing OAM. However, the poor directivity of the OAM radiation can lead to some drawbacks and limitations, especially in terms of link budget [14]. On the other hand, a second family of antennas can be found in the literature, where the directivity is quite high. As an example, we can mention the reflector antenna using an 80 cm twisted parabolic reflector dish to induce a linear phase distribution (along the φ angle) at a working frequency of 2.4 GHz [2]. Later, spiral phase plates (SPP) [15] [16] and flat drilled phase plates [17] [18] have been used to obtain the linear phase variation in the millimeter wave frequency band. The OAM dish needs precise deformation of the reflector shape to ensure the linear variation of the phase α. However, these deformations create new aberrations due to the fact that no focal point can be defined for these reflectors. Concerning the structures that use dielectric lenses (SPP or flat drilled ones), the plates are heavy and at microwave frequencies they become unpractical.
In previous work, a simple antenna array has been embedded inside a Fabry-Perot cavity to obtain a relatively high directivity at simulation level [19]. Here, we make an experimental study of this high directivity OAM antenna. To the purpose of realization, we embed an OAM antenna, using four patches and a circular phase shifter inside a Fabry-Perot cavity. This antenna generates an electromagnetic wave bearing an OAM mode of l = 1 at the frequency of 2.5 GHz.
Section 2 and 3 explain the design procedure and the simulation data. Section 4 presents the experimental prototype and the measured characteristics of the antenna.
2. Model of Fabry-Perot Cavity
A Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity was originally used as frequency filter in optics. In antenna applications, it is often utilized as space filter to improve the antenna performances such as directivity [20] [21] [22].
As shown in Figure 1, the FP cavity contains three main parts: a ground plane which eliminates the back radiation, a primary source (e.g. a patch antenna) and a partially reflecting surface (PRS). The internal wave rays emitted by the primary source travel inside the cavity and reflect for enough times at both the upper PRS and the bottom ground plane. Besides, the wave rays partially transmit out when they arrive at the PRS each time.
To maximize the directivity, the transmitted rays need to all be in phase so that they can make a constructive interference. According to [17], the thickness D of the FP cavity should meet the following requirement:
(1)
where f0 is the working frequency, β the phase of the reflection coefficient of the PRS, c the speed of the light in the air cavity, n an integer number corresponding to the cavity mode, and θ the incidence angle of the rays (see Figure 1).
3. Antenna Design and Simulation Results
The geometry of the Fabry-Perot OAM antenna is shown in Figure 2. The exciting OAM source consists of an array of 4 patches and a circular phase shifter, working at 2.5 GHz. The array radius is 60 mm and the patch antennas and phase shifter are fabricated on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a relative permittivity of 4.4. The patch antennas and the phase shifter are connected through probes and the phase shifter is fed by a 50 Ω coaxial cable from
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Figure 1. Model of the FP cavity with PRS (PRS: Partially reflecting surface).
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Figure 2. Geometry of the Fabry-Perot OAM antenna.
the bottom side of the substrate. To generate radio waves bearing an OAM mode of l = 1, the length and width of the microstrip feeding lines are optimized to ensure the antenna matching, a uniform amplitude for all the array elements and a 90˚ phase shift between two successive elements [13].
The directivity of the Fabry-Perot cavity itself depends on the thickness D, the reflectivity and the area of the PRS [20]. In our design, the PRS is made of metallic tubes oriented in parallel to the E field of the patch antennas (X axis). To obtain a good directivity of the OAM antenna, the PRS and the cavity parameters have been optimized using the HFSS software. The following values are obtained:
· Diameter of the tubes d: 4 mm;
· Period of the tubes T: 26 mm;
· Cavity thickness D: 58 mm;
· Cavity aperture: 600 mm × 600 mm.
Furthermore, we use 4 walls to enclose the FP cavity on the sides: 2 PEC (Perfect electric conductor) walls in the E plane and 2 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) walls in the H plane. The PEC walls are used to decrease the side lobe level of the radiation pattern in the H plane. The PVC walls support the metallic tubes. According to the simulations, in order to decrease the side lobe level in the E plane, the thickness of the PVC wall must be small enough. On the other hand, the PVC walls should be allowed to assemble properly with the PEC walls and the ground plane, and to support the metallic tubes. To meet these requirements, the thickness of the PVC walls is finally set as 6 mm.
Figure 3 shows the 2D simulated amplitude and phase patterns of the Ex component of the generated wave at 2.5 GHz. The patterns are plotted on a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation with an area of 40 cm × 40 cm, lying 3 cm above the PRS. We can see that the amplitude at the centre is much weaker than the surroundings and the phase makes a rotation around the centre with a 2π phase shift in one turn. These characteristics evidence the generation of an OAM bearing wave with l = 1, as expected.
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Figure 3. Normalized simulated amplitude (left) and phase (right) patterns of Ex component of the FP OAM antenna at 2.5 GHz.
The simulated 3D radiation patterns of the patch array with and without FP cavity, at 2.5 GHz, are presented in Figure 4. The array radius is 60 mm. A null can be observed in the centre which is the typical characteristic of waves bearing OAM. Besides, the antenna directivity is significantly enhanced with the use of the FP cavity. The directivity can be further improved by increasing the radius of the patch array.
In order to exemplify the influence of the FP cavity on the antenna directivity, we make a comparison of the E-plane radiation patterns (Figure 5) corresponding to the xOz cuts of the 3D plots of Figure 4. We can see that the directivity of the OAM antenna increases in E plane, from 6.7 to 14.9 dB with the use of the FP cavity. At the same time, the angle for obtaining the maximum directivity decreases from 27˚ to 11˚.
4. Realization and Experiment
The realized prototype of the Fabry-Perot OAM antenna is shown in Figure 6. The measurements have been performed in an anechoic chamber.
Figure 7 shows the simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the FP
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Figure 4. Simulated 3D radiation patterns of the OAM antenna at 2.5GHz (a) without FP cavity, (b) with FP cavity.
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Figure 5. E-plane radiation patterns of the OAM antenna with and without FP cavity (array radius equals to 60 mm).
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Figure 6. Realized prototype of the FP OAM antenna.
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Figure 7. Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the FP OAM antenna.
OAM antenna. Whereas the antenna is well matched around 2.5 GHz in the simulation, it is slightly shifted by about 40 MHz in the measurement.
Figure 8 presents the experimental results of the amplitude and phase of the generated far-field. We have examined the radiation results for different frequencies and found that the best OAM characteristic is obtained at 2.54 GHz. As shown, a null caused by the phase singularity at the centre, is clearly observed in the magnitude pattern and the phase has a variation of 2π in one turn which corresponds to the first OAM mode (l = 1).
A comparison is made between the simulated and measured E-plane radiation patterns in Figure 9. As shown, the OAM antenna obtains a maximum directivity of 15.5 dB for the angle of 10˚ in the measurement. Besides, the measured and simulated results are in very good agreement. The hole in the centre of the radiation pattern seems even deeper in the case of the experimental values than for the simulations.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we have proposed a new OAM antenna for the generation of radio
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Figure 8. Normalized measured far-field magnitude (left) and phase (right) patterns of the FP OAM antenna at 2.54 GHz.
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Figure 9. Measured and simulated radiation patterns of the FP OAM antenna in E-plane.
OAM waves with relatively high directivity. This OAM antenna is based on an array of 4 patches and is embedded inside a Fabry-Perot cavity. It can generate an electromagnetic wave bearing an l = 1 OAM mode at 2.5 GHz. Simulation results show that the OAM antenna achieves a directivity of 14.9 dB with an enhancement of 8.2 dB in E and H planes. A prototype has been manufactured and characterized. Very good agreement is obtained between the simulated and measured directivities. The structure of the new OAM antenna is simple, compact and easy to realize. It can be used in many domains such as radio communications and radar applications.