Quality of Health Care in Resource Limited Settings-Patients’ Satisfaction Survey at a Mission Hospital in South East, Nigeria ()
1. Introduction
In recent times, there is growing consensus that assessment of quality of care should be based on patients’ satisfaction studies. Quality in health care is defined as the best possible health outcomes that can be attained with the available resources and that are compatible with the patient’s values and preferences [1]. The quality of care received by the patients is determined by interaction of numerous factors; hence measurement of quality of care includes both tangible and intangible elements [2]. Factors like cost of services, quality of the facilities, quality of process, quality of interaction and communication with patients have the greatest effect on the overall patients’ satisfaction [3]. Other factors affecting the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of patients include access to health care, competent and skilled health personnel, financing, waste disposal and government policy [4] [5]. Patients’ satisfaction studies are therefore increasingly being considered an important dimension of quality of care and the extent of utilization of health services.
Many studies have shown that patients’ satisfaction has many benefits. Utilization of health services is better when the quality of care is perceived to be good [6] while low quality of care is a barrier to utilization [7].
Studies that have been done in Nigeria on patients’ satisfaction focused mainly on government hospitals which are more in the urban area. This study was therefore generally aimed at assessing patients’ satisfaction with quality of inpatient clinical care and specifically to assess knowledge of patients on factors contributing to quality of care, ascertaining their satisfaction with some selected quality of care indices like patient-staff communication and interpersonal relationship, convenience of facility and technical aspect of care; and to assess patients’ general satisfaction and willingness to recommend the facility to others in a mission hospital in South-Eastern Nigeria.
2. Study Design and Methodology
This study was cross sectional and hospital based. The place of study was at Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Afikpo; a catholic mission health institution serving Afikpo town and neighboring communities in Ebonyi state, South-East, Nigeria. The study was carried out between January, 2018 and August, 2018.
Eligible and consenting patients were drawn consecutively from the medical, surgical and private wards of the hospital. Consenting parents/guardians of children on admission in the pediatric ward were also involved in the study.
The study was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital and informed verbal consent was obtained from the participants.
Inclusion criteria included patients aged 16 years and above with at least one night stay on admission in the medical, surgical and private wards. Parents of children on admission for at least one night in the children’s ward were also involved while patients who declined consent, patients in the accident and emergency care unit and members of staff on admission were excluded from the study.
Data were collected using pretested, structured 24 item questionnaire designed by the authors using information from literature review and previous studies on patients’ satisfaction and quality of care [8] [9]. Bio data and relevant socio demographic information about the patients were also collected. This included age, sex, occupation, marital status, educational status, occupation and number of days on admission.
Answers were scored using the likert scale. Knowledge items were scored on a five point likert scale as follows: 5: extremely relevant, 4: very relevant, 3: relevant, 2: irrelevant, 1: very irrelevant. Each satisfaction item was scored on a five point Likert scale as follows: 5: extremely satisfied, 4: very satisfied, 3: satisfied, 2: dissatisfied, 1: extremely dissatisfied.
Operationally, satisfaction referred to the score of 3 points or more in specific domain of care evaluated. Patient-staff relationship refers to the staff caring attitude, friendliness and courtesy; while patient-staff communication refers to willingness to listen and answer questions, giving explanation and instructions to the patients in a way that is understood. Facility convenience refers to the cleanliness and comfort of the wards while technical aspect of care refers to availability of equipment, drugs and adequacy of staff.
The results generated were analyzed using software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0, Microsoft cooperation, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA for the calculation of mean, frequencies and percentages.
3. Results
3.1. Socio Demographic Characteristics
The age of the respondents ranged from 16 years to 80 years. There were 72 males (51.43%) and 68 females (48.57%) with male to female ratio 1.1:1. 28 (20.00%) had no education and 39 (21.43%) had only primary education. 38 (27.14%) respondents had secondary education as the highest formal education and 46 (31.43%) had tertiary education (Table 1).
3.2. Ward Distribution and Days on Admission
Patients’ population was drawn from the various wards respectively. Male medical ward 39 (27.83%), female medical ward 34 (24.29%), male surgical ward 14 (10.00%), female surgical ward 22 (15.71%), children’s ward 17 (12.14%) and private ward 14 (10.00%) (Table 2).
96 (68.57%) of the patients were new patients using the facility while 44 (31.43%) were return patients. 77.14% of respondents had been on admission for
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Table 1. Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents.
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Table 2. Ward distribution and number of days on admission of respondents.
<10 days, 12.86% for 11 - 20 days and 10.00% for more than 20 days (Table 2).
3.3. Quality of Inpatient Care Assessment
The average score on knowledge of factors contributing to quality of care was 4.65 ± 0.48 (Table 3). Overall general satisfaction rated 4.22 ± 0.52. Doctors’ attitude was rated 4.35 ± 0.70 while nurses’ attitude was rated 4.28 ± 0.81; ward orderlies friendliness was rated 4.18 ± 0.74 while the attitude of other staff was rated 3.93 ± 0.90 (Table 4). Mean rating of staff interpersonal relationship was 4.24 ± 0.54; mean rating of facility convenience was 4.21 ± 0.51 while technical aspect (availability of medical personnel, equipment and drugs) rated 4.29 ± 0.57 (Table 4 and Table 5).
3.4. Willingness to Recommend the Facility
134 (95.71%) of the respondents were willing to recommend the facility while 6 (4.29%) did not show the willingness (Figure 1).
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Table 3. Rating of knowledge of factors contributing to quality of care.
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Table 4. Rating of interpersonal relationship and communication skills.
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Table 5. Rating of facility convenience and technical aspect of care.
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Figure 1. Willingness to recommend the facility.
4. Discussion
This study showed that knowledge of factors contributing to quality of care was good among the respondents. This emphasizes the fact that patients have their expectations which the health care providers should aim to meet. This study also showed that overall patients’ satisfaction with the quality of inpatient care they received was good. Users of health facilities differ in their satisfaction with the quality of care. Studies done in tertiary institution in South East Nigeria [10], South West Nigeria [11] and Northern Nigeria [9] generally reported high satisfaction rate. Overall satisfaction rate of 3.1 was reported at a tertiary institution in Umuahia, Abia state, South East Nigeria [10]. Other studies done at primary health facilities in urban areas in Nigeria also showed high satisfaction level [12] [13] [14]. Satisfaction rates in this study were comparable to those obtained from tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
Patients’ satisfaction with staff interpersonal relationship was good. The attitude of doctors and nurses were rated high. This study demonstrated that patients were satisfied with communication with doctors and nurses though doctors were rated higher. High rating of doctors was similar to reports from Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria [15] and Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria [10] but was in disparity with low rating of patient, provider attitude in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria [16] and Eastern Ethiopia [17]. A lower rating of the attitude of other staff of the hospital was reported. It is therefore necessary to seek ways to improve their attitude to patients. Staff attitude is generally perceived to be better in mission hospitals and private hospitals when compared with state owned general hospitals. Good patient, staff communication is important to improve compliances and adherence to treatment [18] [19].
The patients were satisfied with the cleanliness and convenience of the wards. This is similar to findings reported in South Trinidad and Kano, Nigeria [9] but dissimilar to findings in Eastern Ethiopia where patients were not satisfied with cleanliness of health facility. This finding also buttressed the fact that environmental factors may influence perception of quality of care and patients’ satisfaction [17] [20].
Patients also demonstrated satisfaction with the adequacy of staff, availability of drugs in the hospital and availability of necessary equipments. This is commendable in a mission hospital in a resource limited environment. The willingness of majority of the patients (95.71%) to recommend the facility to others also buttressed their high level of satisfaction with the quality of care received.
This study had some limitations. This study was focused on inpatient care. It may not be a general conclusion about care in the outpatient clinics and the emergency rooms.
5. Health Policy Implication
Patients’ satisfaction is an essential health policy issue. A good quality assessment programme should focus on vital areas of accountability in the health system. The effective use of information generated is crucial in decision making in maintaining and upgrading the health care system. It is very important in administration, planning, monitoring and evaluation of health care system. It offers profound insight into areas of strengths, weaknesses and necessary measures needed to improve quality of care in the health care system.
Periodic appraisal of health systems is imperative to get useful feedbacks for improvement of health services.
6. Conclusion
Knowledge of factors contributing to quality of care was good among patients in this study. Patients’ satisfaction rate in this study was high and the majority of the patients were willing to recommend the facility to others. Mission hospitals may serve as excellent alternatives to government hospitals in resource limited settings to promote health equity across populations.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Prof. Chigozie Jesse Uneke for his contributions to the design of the research.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this publication.
Afolabi, O.F., Ugwu, C.N., Eze, C.O., Serges-Anthanase, D.F., Onwuchekwa, C.O. and Ude, M.A. (2021) Quality of Health Care in Resource Limited Settings-Patients’ Satisfaction Survey at a Mission Hospital in South East, Nigeria. Open Journal of Internal Medicine, 11, 201-209. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojim.2021.114016
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