Adsorption of Copper (II) Ions in Aqueous Solution by a Natural Mouka Smectite and an Activated Carbon Prepared from Kola Nut Shells by Chemical Activation with Zinc Chloride (ZnCl₂)

Phil Lewis Mpampoungou Langama^*, Jean Jacques Anguile, Albert Novy Messi Me Ndong, Adam Bouraima, Crislain Bissielou

Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon.

DOI: 10.4236/ojic.2021.114009                

Abstract

The aim of this work was to test the adsorption efficiency of copper (II) ions in an aqueous solution on Natural Smectite (NS) and Activated Carbon (AC). The experiments carried out in batch mode made it possible to determine the stirring time, the adsorbent mass, the pH, the initial concentration of copper (II) ions, the isotherms and the adsorption kinetics. It appears that the stirring time was 15 minutes for the AC and 20 minutes for the NS. The adsorption was at maximum for the two adsorbents at optimum pH of 3.5 for a mass of 0.05 g each. The quantity of copper (II) ions adsorbed was 26.6 mg/L for NS and 36.6 mg/g for AC of a concentration of 600 mg/L each. The Langmuir isotherm was the one that best described the adsorption process for the two adsorbents. The adsorption kinetics obtained was that of the pseudo second-order for our two adsorbents. The results obtained showed that these two adsorbents were effective for the adsorption of copper (II) ions in an aqueous solution.

Keywords

Batch, Isotherm, Kinetics, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Natural Smectite

1. Introduction

Industrial activities have contributed to the development of several countries, but have also generated several types of pollution. The water sector is the most affected after the discharge of industrial effluents into lakes and rivers causing pollution by heavy metals, dyes, etc.

Heavy metals are highly toxic species above a certain concentration. They have the ability to concentrate along the food chain and accumulate in certain organs of the human body [1]. Among these heavy metals, we cite copper, which is an essential element for all living organisms including humans. The presence of copper in water at high concentrations causes significant health problems such as greenish vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, kidney and liver damage [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality, the limit for copper in drinking water is 2 mg/L [3] [4]. Copper is used extensively in the electrical, metallurgical, mining and agricultural industries. Reducing the level of copper in natural waters is therefore a major concern, in order to comply with the drinkable standard and to avoid any health risk linked to its toxicity. In addition, the reduction in the level of copper in natural waters is significant in Gabon because of the strong activity of the exploitation of heavy metals such as copper, by the Ogooué Mining Company (Comilog) after the discharge into groundwater; but also because of the growing agricultural sector (the population nowadays takes an interest in this sector of activity) with companies like Olam Gabon and the Seed Project.

To this end, several methods such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane processes, adsorption, reverse osmosis or electrochemical treatment, have been applied to remove excess copper in water [5]. Of all these methods, it appears that adsorption is the most valued method in the field of water treatment because it is simple, less expensive and easily reproducible. It uses materials of natural origin, organic, available, low cost, easy to use and to regenerate [6]. Currently, activated carbons are widely used as adsorbents for discoloration [7], to scavenge heavy metals [8] [9], pharmaceuticals [10] and pesticides [11]. Indeed, activated carbon is one of the most effective ways to remove a wide range of contaminants. In recent years, clays are new adsorbents [12] [13]. Their abundance and their ability to retain pollutants make them the objectives of several studies.

Thus the objective of this work is to test the adsorption capacity of copper (II) ions on a natural smectite and an activated carbon. To achieve this, various parameters were studied, namely, the influence of the stirring time, the mass of the adsorbents, the pH, the initial concentration, the adsorption isotherms and the adsorption kinetics.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Material

Adsorbents

Activated carbons: The raw material consisting of cola nut shells was harvested in the North West region of Cameroon, more precisely in the department of Donga-Mantun. The harvested pods are washed thoroughly under running water to remove impurities, rinsed with distilled water, and then dried in the sun for two weeks. Once dried, these pods are crushed to a debris size between 1.25 and 2.5 mm. The biomass thus ground is impregnated with ZnCl₂ with a ratio equal to 1 and then dried at a temperature of 110˚C for 24 h. The carbonization of our material took place at 500˚C for 1 hour and the cooling took place gradually to room temperature. The charcoal obtained from the char was washed with distilled water to the negative test for AgNO₃ and was dried at 110˚C for 24 hours before being powdered. The characterization of this coal has already been the subject of a publication [14] and Table 1 below presents some characteristics of this coal.

Natural smectite: The rough clay soil aggregates were collected in the locality of Soukamna located 6 km from the Mayo Danay department (Yagoua capital) in the far north region of Cameroon. Once extracted, these aggregates were washed abundantly with distilled water to be freed of impurities and put to rest for a determined time: there is sedimentation. The clay suspension was siphoned off and the residue was oven dried at 110˚C until the water had completely evaporated. Then, the clay was crushed in a porcelain mortar, and then fractionated with a 50 μm mesh diameter sieve. The powder obtained was dried in an oven at a temperature of 200˚C for 24 hours to remove the bound water. Finally, the material was placed in a beaker and was stored in a desiccator containing calcium chloride. The characterization of this natural smectite was the subject of a publication [15] in the previous study by our research team. Table 2 below gives the chemical composition of this natural smectite.

2.2. Methods

2.2.1 Preparation of Solutions (Mother and Daughters)

The 3000 mg/L copper (II) stock solution was prepared in the laboratory by dissolving 12.02 g of hydrated penta copper sulfate salt in a 1000 mL volumetric flask with distilled water. The daughter solutions of concentrations of 150, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1800 mg/L used.

Table 1. Some characteristics of activated carbon [14].

Table 2. Chemical composition of natural smectite.

2.2.2. Batch Adsorption Experiment

The experiments were carried out by contacting quantities of adsorbents (0.05 g; 0.1 g; 0.2 g; 0.3 g and 0.4 g) with 20 mL of the solution of copper ions (II) at different initial concentrations (150 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 600 mg/L, 900 mg/L, 1200 mg/L and 1800 mg/L). The mixtures are left under stirring for a time varying from 5 to 40 minutes as well as at a pH varying from 2 to 4.5. After stirring, the mixtures are filtered and assayed using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer.

The amount adsorbed at equilibrium (q_e) was calculated using Equation (1):

$q_e=\frac{c_i-c_e}{m}v$ (1)

where, q_e is the amount of adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), c_i is the initial concentration of adsorbate (mg/L), c is the concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium (mg/L), v is the volume of the solution (L) and m the mass of the adsorbent (g).

We point out that this method was preferred over others during our study because it is simple and easily reproducible.

2.2.3. Adsorption Isotherms Experiment

The adsorption isotherm is a curve binding at a fixed temperature, the amount of impurities adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent and the concentration of impurities in solution after absorption equilibrium. There are different models that will allow us to define the isotherm that best reproduces adsorption.

Langmuir isotherm: Its linear form is given by Equation (2):

$\frac{c_e}{q_e}=\frac{c_e}{q_m}+\frac{1}{k{q}_m}$ (2)

where, q_e is the amount adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), q_m is the maximum amount adsorbed (mg/g), k is Langmuir’s constant (L/mg) and c_e is the adsorbate concentration at balance (mg/L).

The linear form of the Freundlich isotherm is given by Equation (3):

$\ln q_e=\ln k_f+\frac{1}{n}\ln c_e$ (3)

where, k_f is the Freundlich constant (mg^1−1/n·L^1/n·g⁻¹) and n is the Freundlich coefficient.

Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich isotherm (D-K-R): its linear form is given by Equation (4):

$\ln q_e=\ln q_m-\beta {\epsilon }^2$ (4)

where, the polanyi potential is $\epsilon =RT\ln \left(1+\frac{1}{C_e}\right)$, R is the ideal gas constant

(J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹), T is the absolute temperature (K) and β is the constant related to energy adsorption (mol²/J²).

Tempkin Isotherm: Its linear form is given by Equation (5):

$q_e=\frac{RT}{b}\ln \left(C_e\right)+\frac{RT}{b}\ln \left(A\right)$ (5)

where q_e is the amount adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), it is the concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium (mg/L), R is the ideal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature (K), A is the Tempkin constant (L/mg) and b is the adsorption exchange energy (J/mol).

2.2.4. Adsorption Kinetics

The adsorbate kinetics study describes the rate at which solutes are adsorbed and this rate controls the residence time of the adsorbate attached to the solid-solution interface.

Pseudo-first order model: Its linear form and given by Equation (6):

$\ln \left(q_e-q_t\right)=\ln q_e-k_{1}t$ (6)

where, k₁ is the adsorption rate constant (min⁻¹) and q_t is the amount adsorbed at time t (mg/g).

The linear form of the pseudo-second order model is given by Equation (7):

$\frac{t}{q_t}=\frac{1}{k_2{q}_e^2}+\frac{t}{q_e}$ (7)

where, k₂ is the pseudo-second order rate constant (g/mg/min).

Elovich’s model: its linear form is given by Equation (8):

$q_t=\frac{1}{\beta }\ln \left(\alpha \beta \right)+\frac{1}{\beta }\ln \left(t\right)$ (8)

where, α is the initial adsorption rate (mg/g/min) and β is the adsorption constant (g/mg).

The intra-particle diffusion model is represented by Equation (9):

$q_t=k_{id}{t}^{1/2}+c_i$ (9)

where, k_id is the intra-particulate diffusion rate constant (mg/g/min²), c_i is the layer thickness and t is the contact time (min).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Influence of Stirring Time

The adsorption of copper (II) ions from an aqueous solution of 600 mg/L concentration was carried out on 0.05 g of each adsorbent (NS and AC) at times varying between 5 and 40 minutes. Figure 1 shows the influence of the stirring time on the two adsorbents.

Three distinct phases were observed in Figure 1 for the two adsorbents. For SN, we first have a fast phase of 0 to 5 minutes, then a slow to equilibrium phase of 5 to 20 minutes, and finally an equilibrium phase of 20 to 40 minutes. The maximum quantity of copper (II) ions adsorbed is 18.3 mg/g. For AC, there is a fast phase of 0 to 5 minutes, then a slow phase to equilibrium of 5 to 15 minutes and finally an equilibrium phase of 15 to 40 minutes. The maximum quantity of copper (II) ions adsorbed is 11 mg/g.

The first phase is due to the fact that the adsorption sites are free on the surface

Figure 1. Influence of the stirring time.

of the adsorbents. The second phase is due to the progressive saturation of these active sites. And the third phase is due to the complete saturation of these sites.

Indeed, the fixation of the first copper (II) ions in solution clogs the pores and prevents access to the ions remaining in solution.

These results corroborate with the work of Ouakouak and collaborator in 2016 [16] on the adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions on powdered activated carbon and sodium bentonic and those of Ajifacket al. in 2014 [17] on the adsorption of copper (II) ions on activated carbon. In the rest of our experiments, we will take 20 minutes for the NS and 15 minutes for the AC as equilibrium time.

3.2. Influence of the Mass of the Adsorbents

Figure 2 shows the evolution of the influence of the adsorbent mass.

The influence of the mass of the adsorbents was evaluated by varying the mass from 0.05 to 0.4 g in 20 mL of aqueous copper (II) ion solution at a concentration of 600 mg/L. The stirring time is the optimum time determined previously (15 min for AC and 20 min for NS).

According to these curves, the adsorbed amounts decrease as the mass of the adsorbents increases. This could be explained by the fact that at high mass values, there is agglomeration of the adsorbent particles thus forming aggregates. These aggregates make it very difficult for copper (II) ions to access adsorption sites and lead to an increase in the path to be traveled by the pollutant. These results corroborate with the work of Zing et al. in 2016 [18] during the adsorption of ammonium ions on a natural smectite and an activated carbon activated with ZnCl₂.

3.3. Influence of pH

The effect of pH has been studied in the range of 2 to 4.5. The optimum mass of the adsorbents determined previously was introduced into 20 mL of aqueous copper (II) ion solution with a concentration of 600 mg/L. The stirring time is the optimal time. The results are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 shows that the amount of copper (II) ions adsorbed increases with increasing pH to 3.5 and then decreases. For NS, the quantity of copper (II) ions

Figure 2. Influence of the mass of adsorbent.

Figure 3. Curves showing the influence of pH on adsorbents.

adsorbed is very low at pH less than 2.5. This could be explained by competition in the solution between copper (II) ions, H⁺ ions and those of the compensating ions (K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺). On the other hand, at pH between 2.5 and 3.5, adsorption increases rapidly. This could be explained by the decrease in the number of H⁺ ions in solution. The decrease in adsorption of copper (II) ions could be due to the reduction in the amount of negative charge on the clay surface. But also by the fact that when we approach the precipitation pH (pH = 5.01), there would be formation of copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)₂) which makes adsorption difficult. These results are similar to the work of Siéwé and collaborator in 2015 [19] on the activation of the surface sites of Andosol clay from Bambouto with phosphate ions.

For AC, the great adsorption of copper (II) ions in an acidic medium could be due to the fact that certain activated carbons behave in an acidic medium like Lewis bases. Some researchers attribute this phenomenon to the presence of oxygen complexes of heterocycles types (pyrone and chromene) which are rich in π electrons and act as a Lewis base by accepting protons. In addition, we can also see that this basic character would be due to the chemisorption of dioxygen on the surface of the AC then forming peroxides ( ${\text{O}}_2^{2-}$ ) which constitute basic electron donor-acceptor sites. These results are in agreement with those by Ghaedi and collaborator in 2015 [20] on the adsorption of copper (II) by an activated carbon.

3.4. Influence of the Initial Concentration of Copper (II) Ions

The optimum mass (0.05 g) of the adsorbents was and introduced into 20 mL of aqueous copper (II) ion solution of concentrations of 150, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1800 mg/L. These solutions are adjusted beforehand to the optimum pH of each adsorbent. The stirring time is the optimal time. The results are shown in Figure 4.

We observe an increase in the adsorbed amounts depending on the initial cooper (II) ion concentrations. This increase in the amount adsorbed with the initial concentration of the metal is believed to be due to the fact that increasing the concentration of the metal increase the collision between the molecules of the metal and the sites of adsorption. These results are similar to the work of Essomba et al. in 2014 [21]. The two layers observed on our curves would be due to a first saturation then to a second saturation as in the work of Ivanova et al. in 2010 [22]. The amounts adsorbed by the AC are greater than those adsorbed by NS, which could be due to a higher number of active sites on the AC.

3.5. Adsorption Isotherms

Figures 5-8 below respectively represent the linear transforms of some models.

Figure 4. Influence of the initial concentration.

Figure 5. Linear transform of the Langmuir isotherm.

Figure 6. Linear transform of the Freundlich isotherm.

Figure 7. Linear transform of the isotherm of D-K-R.

Figure 8. Linear transform of the Tempkin isotherm.

Table 3 presents the results of the constants and correlation coefficients of the linear transforms of some isothermal models.

In view of the data in this table, it appears that the highest correlation coefficient (close to unity) is that of Langmuir for the NS. This model describes well

Table 3. The constants and models correlation isothermic.

the phenomenon of adsorption of copper (II) ions at the surface of NS because its Langmuir separation factor (R_L) is between 0 and 1.

For the AC, the correlation coefficients are those of the isotherm of Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin. Indeed, the value of R_L is between 0 and 1 indicates that the Langmuir model is suitable. Then, the value of 1/n being between 0 and 1 indicates that the surface of our AC is heterogeneous. Finally, Tempkin indicates that chemical adsorption is the major mechanism involved. All this partially indicates chemisorption but with the possibility of the formation of several layers on heterogeneous surfaces.

3.6. Study of Kinetic Models

The results of the adsorption mechanism of copper (II) ions on our adsorbents are represented by Figures 9-12.

Table 4 presents the results of the rate constants and correlation coefficients of the linear transforms of some kinetic models.

In view of the results of Table 4, we find that the adsorption of copper (II) ions by the adsorbents is best described by the pseudo-second order model with the highest correlation coefficients. This indicates that chemisorption is the limiting step in this process. These results are consistent with the work of Ketcha and collaborator in 2012 [23]. In addition, the theoretical and experimental adsorbed quantities are close, which further confirms this chemisorption.

The high value of the correlation coefficient of the Elovich model for the NS (R² = 0.9145) shows that the adsorption takes place in multilayers, which agrees with the type of isotherm obtained with the influence of the concentration at the balance. These results are consistent with the work of Reddy and al in 2010 [24].

Moreover, the high value of the correlation coefficient of the intra-particle diffusion model for NS (R² = 0.9138) shows that the adsorption process is also controlled by diffusion. But this diffusion is not the limiting step in the absorption mechanism as shown by Belaid et al. in 2010 in their work [25].

Figure 9. Linear transform of the pseudo-first order kinetic model.

Figure 10. Linear transformation of the pseudo-second order kinetic model.

Table 4. Speed constants and correlation coefficients of kinetic models.

Figure 11. Linear transform of the Elovich model.

Figure 12. Linear transform of the intra-particle diffusion model.

4. Conclusion

This work focused on the adsorption of copper (II) ions in an aqueous solution by a natural smectite and an activated carbon prepared from the shells of kola nuts. From the study of the adsorption parameters, it emerges that the quantity of copper (II) ions adsorbed increases with the stirring time until reaching equilibrium after 20 min for the NS and 15 min for the AC. This quantity decreases with the increase in the mass of the adsorbents, the optimum mass being 0.05 g of the adsorbents. The pH corresponding to the maximum adsorption is 3.5 for adsorbents. It also increases with the initial concentration of copper (II) ions and is maximum at 1800 mg/L.

The equilibrium study showed that the Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin models well describe the adsorption of copper (II) ions by AC, while only the Langmuir model describes the adsorption of copper (II) ions well by NS.

The kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second order kinetic model best describes the adsorption of copper (II) ions by adsorbents and that chemisorption is the limiting step in this process. NS and AC are efficient at adsorbing copper (II) ions in aqueous solution, but AC adsorbs copper (II) ions better than NS.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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