Clinical Variants, Rates of Post-Operative Recurrence and Malignant Transformation of Sino-Nasal Inverted Papilloma ()
1. Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Sino-Nasal Papillomas (SNP) are classified in three subtypes: exophytic, oncocytic and inverted. The latter is the most prevalent subtype, followed by exophytic, while oncocytic papilloma is the least common [1].
Sino-Nasal Inverted Papilloma (SNIP) represents the most common benign epithelial neoplasm that occurs in the sinonasal tract [2]. These originate from the Schneiderian epithelium that lines the nose and paranasal sinuses [3] [4], with an incidence of 0.75 - 0.5/100,000 annually [5]. It accounts for 0.5% - 4% of all Sino-nasal neoplasms [6]. Other names given to this tumor include epithelial papilloma, Ringertz’s tumor, transitional cell papilloma, villiform cancer and Ewing’s papilloma [7].
Although the demographic, morphological and clinical characteristics of IP have been well described, the etiology, risk factors and potential role in the recurrence, especially for smoking, occupational exposure to welding, organic solvents, allergens and the role of human papilloma virus (HPV) still remain a topic of controversy and are yet to be confirmed.
Recent studies by Kashima et al. [8], McKay et al. [9], Cheung et al. [10], and Hwang et al. [11] have all suggested and implicated that HPV plays not only an active role in malignant transformation, but also in its recurrence. On the contrary, despite the number of studies implicating HPV in the pathogenesis of IP, there are yet a number of studies documenting otherwise, such as the study by Karft et al. [12] and the more recent study by Mohajeri et al. [13].
Malignant transformation and recurrence of SNIP have been implicated in cases with high and low-risk HPV subtypes; in particular, HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18 [14] and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 1 [15] [16]. Moreover, HPV types 16 and 18 were found to increase the risk of IP malignant transformation into Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) [17], with disease incidence ranging from 2% - 27% [18]. Smoking on the other hand, has not been implicated in the development of IP, but has shown to contribute in recurrence and malignant potential [19].
Clinico-pathologically, SNIP typically involves the lateral nasal wall and/or the paranasal sinuses, usually arising as a unilateral single lesion causing nasal obstruction. Other presenting non-specific symptoms may be rhinorrhea, postnasal drip, headache, epistaxis and hyposmia [20].
IP most frequently affects people in their fifth to seventh decades of life and is three times more frequent in males than females [21].
Although no universally accepted system is available, the Krouse classification has been widely used due to its ease of implementation as a tool for staging the disease [22].
Historically, the “gold standard” surgical approach employed across was medial maxillectomy via lateral rhinotomy or midfacial degloving procedure [23] [24]. Recently, however, endoscopic approach/endoscopic resection procedure has been increasingly favored because it obviates the morbidity of a surgical external approach [25]. Alternatively, some surgeons have combined the endonasal operation (endoscopic) with an external (open) procedure [26].
SNIP attracts considerable interest because it is highly aggressive, has a high propensity to recur (up to 78%) [27], and is significantly associated with malignant transformation (10% - 15% cases) most frequently to SCC [28] [29].
The aim of the present study is to assess factors related to SNIP, malignant transformation rate, and the post-operative recurrence rate.
2. Methodology
A retrospective single-centered descriptive study was carried out on all patients diagnosed with SNP whom underwent surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery at Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain. The study spanned over a total period of 11 years between January 2010 and December 2020. The inclusion criteria consisted of all patients with diagnosed symptoms of nasal blockage, epistaxis, postnasal drip, headache, hyposmia and rhinorrhea. In addition, the inclusion criteria took into consideration all histo-pathologically confirmed cases of SNIP by Pathology Department at Salmaniya Medical Complex, and patients who underwent surgical intervention in our primary center only. The exclusion criteria contemplated patients with incomplete histopathology reports or underwent surgery in other centers and patients with missing and/or insufficient data. Furthermore, SNP of exophytic and/ or oncocytic origins were excluded altogether from the present study.
Accessible data was extracted from the medical records department, National Health Information System (I-Seha) and Laboratory Information System (LIS) of the Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain during the last 11 years. A total of 49 cases of SNP were identified and recorded, of which 10 were exophytic, 2 were oncocytic resulting in exclusion from our study, while the remaining were of the SNP inverted type. Thus, 37 cases were considered our study sample (Table 1). However, one case was initially dismissed due to insufficient data.
Clinical variables including age, gender, presenting symptoms, anatomical site
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Table 1. Types and numbers of Sino-Nasal Papilloma.
and side of tumors, rates of malignant transformation and post-operative recurrence, tobacco exposure and HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) testing were all documented. In addition, we opted to stage the tumors as per the universal Krouse classification system [22] to obtain relevance between the stage of tumors and likelihood of their recurrence and the patients were followed up at different intervals for not less than 12 months.
Calculations were performed in Microsoft Excel, and data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26). As for the correlation between the Krouse staging and the recurrence rate, Chi-square test was used.
An official ethical and scientific approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Board, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, was attained in March 2021 (Approval No. 50210321). Furthermore, a verbal consent was obtained from the patients.
3. Results
Between 2010 and 2020, 49 cases of Sino-Nasal Papilloma were identified. All cases of SNIP were included which accounted for 37 (75.5%) cases. Other types of SNP were excluded (Table 1).
The study sample composed of 28 males (75.7%) and 9 females (24.3%), with a male to female ratio at 3:1 (Table 2).
Age at presentation varied from 15 - 84 years, while the most common age group was between 45 - 54 years with an average of 45.86 years. A mean age of 45.04 and 48.44 was found in males and females, respectively. Recurrence varied among all age groups with no clear pattern.
Sino-Nasal IPs involved the left side in 20 cases (54.1%), while 14 cases (37.8%) involved the right side and 3 cases (8.1%) revealed bilateral at time of presentation (Table 3). In terms of SNP recurrence, 13 cases (35.1%) had recurrence of
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Table 2. Gender and percentage of Sino-Nasal Papilloma.
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Table 3. Sino-Nasal Papilloma recurrence side in patients.
the disease after undergoing endoscopic surgical procedures and recurrence was within an average of 12.6 months (Table 3).
All cases involved the nasal cavity, while 11, 27, 16, and 2 cases extended to the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses, respectively.
Gender wise, post-operative recurrence of SNIP was found to be approximately equivalent in males and females with 35.7% and 33%, respectively, showing no predilection to any gender (Figure 1(A)).
Out of the 37 cases, 22 were smokers (59.41%) and 13 were non-smokers (40.54%).
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(A) ![]()
(B)
Figure 1. Bar charts comparing the recurrences of the ISNPs with gender (A) difference and side of the tumor accordingly
Of the 13 cases with post-operative recurrence, 8 cases (61.5%) showed recurrence in the left side, 4 cases (30.8%) in the right side and 1 case (7.7%) showed bilateral recurrence (Figure 1(B)).
The main presenting symptoms associated with SNIP were nasal blockage in 36 cases (97.3%), followed by epistaxis and postnasal drip in five cases (13.5% each), headache in 3 cases (8.1%) and hyposmia and rhinorrhea in two cases only (5.4% each) (Table 4).
All patients were managed with a pure endoscopic sinus approach and no adjunctive external surgical approaches were required or applied.
The Krouse classification was applied to all SNIP cases. Four patients (10.81%) were classified as stage T1, twenty-three patients (62.16%) were classified as stage T2, nine patients (24.32%) were classified as stage T3, and one patient (2.70%) was classified as stage T4 (Table 4). Most post-operative recurrences were found to be in patients earlier categorized as stage T2. No statistical significance was determined between Krouse classification and recurrence rate at P-value of 0.146.
Malignant transformation occurred in one patient only (2.6%). The patient
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Table 4. Demographic and clinical data of Sino-Nasal Papilloma.
was a 48 year old male, smoker, who presented with nasal blockage and occasional left sided epistaxis. Primary lesion was left sided, and it extended from the nasal cavity to the ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary sinuses, and was classified as Krouse stage T3. The patient was initially diagnosed in 2013 and underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with post-operative chemotherapy and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). After that, he developed multiple recurrences, in which the first was in 2016 and the second was in 2018. A pan CT was taken for the patient for staging purposes, and MRI for further investigation. No distant metastasis was found (Figure 2).
Human Papilloma Virus analysis was not done for any of the cases in our center, except for one patient who had positive history of recurrence of disease within a one-year interval. That was one of the limitations we came across in our study for determination of relevance of positive HPV result with recurrence of the disease.
4. Discussion
IP is the most common diagnosed subtype of Sino-Nasal Papilloma, accounting
for more than 50% of total Sino-Nasal Papillomas worldwide. The exophytic subtype and least commonly the oncocytic subtype in literature [1] follow. Our study showed 49 cases of Sino-Nasal Papilloma; of which 37 cases (75.5%) were identified as inverted, 10 cases (20.4%) were exophytic and two cases only (4%) were oncocytic (Table 1). This was concordant with current literature [28] [29].
The mean age for SNIP patients was 45.86 years and male: female ratio of 3:1 was found in our study (Table 2). This was consistent with current literature that stated SNIP has preponderance in males. However, unlike most literature, our patients mean age was in the fourth decade and not the fifth decade of their lives [30] [31].
In terms of recurrence of disease, 13 cases (35.1%) had recurrence of the disease after undergoing endoscopic surgical procedures (Table 3) and recurrence was within an average of 12.6 months. The recurrence rate of IPs in literature was shown to be between 15% - 20% [29] [32]. There is still much controversy regarding the causative agents and the roles of different factors on the recurrence and persistence of IPs. In some of the literature, recurrence rate is as high as 78% [27]. However, in our study it was moderate in recurrence (35.1%).
In our study, Sino-Nasal IPs involved the left side in 20 cases (54.1%), while 14 cases (37.8%) involved the right side and 3 cases (8.1%) were bilateral at time of presentation (Table 3). Of those 13 cases with recurrence, 8 cases (61.5%) recurred in the left side, 4 cases (30.8%) in the right side and one case (7.7%) bilaterally (Figure 1(B)). The side of Sino-Nasal IP was not statistically related to the rate of recurrence or persistence of IPs, while lesion localization was of relative significance.
All cases involved the nasal cavity, while 11, 27, 16, and 2 cases extended to the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses, respectively. Also in accordance with other literature [29] [32], IP arising from the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinuses were most frequently found. In our study, the most common was the nasal cavity followed by the maxillary sinus. The frontal sinus however, was high in prevalence in our study, which was contradictive with literature [33] [34] [35]. Recurrence was found to be in 13 cases (35.1%) of one primarily in the nasal cavity, 5 cases (45.5%) in the frontal sinus, 7 cases (43.75%) in the ethmoidal sinus, and 10 cases (37%) in the maxillary sinus and none in the sphenoid sinuses. This may be explained by the limitation of surgical accessibility to remove all tumors or due to surgeon discrepancies [36] [37] [38] [39] [40].
In recent literature, endoscopic surgery is a very effective and accurate treatment method for patients with IP [39]. In a study by Gil et al., the calculated recurrence rate was 13.3% without significant differences between the endoscopically treated patients compared to patients undergoing combined or open surgery [39]. In our study, all patients were managed by pure endoscopic methods.
The main presenting symptoms associated with SNIP were nasal blockage (Table 4) in 36 cases (97.3%), as it was in literature [41] [42], followed by epistaxis and post nasal drip in 5 cases (13.5% each), headache in 3 cases (8.1%) and hyposmia and rhinorrhea in 2 cases (5.4% each).
The clinical staging of IPs has been identified using the Krouse classification system, which is the most widely used staging system currently [43] [44], while certain literature has emphasized on the role of IP stage with IP recurrence [45] [46]. In a recent study [47], the authors did not identify an association between the Krouse stage and incidence of recurrence, which was compatible with the result of our study. In our study, 4 patients (10.81%) were classified as stage T1, 23 patients (62.16%) were classified as stage T2, 9 patients (24.32%) were classified as stage T3, and 1 patient (2.70%) was classified as stage T4 (Table 4). Most recurrences were found to be in patients previously found with stage T2, and a statistical p value of 0.146 was determined, which was statistically insignificant for establishing a correlation between Krouse classification and recurrence rate.
In our study, only one patient underwent malignant transformation and was confirmed to be squamous cell carcinoma. This comprised 2.6% of the total study sample and was consistent with current literature that suggested the incidence of malignancy varied and ranged from 2% - 27% [19]. Most commonly, SCC was associated with malignant transformation of IPs, however, other types of carcinoma like adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, nasal undifferentiated carcinomas, small cell carcinomas and NOS (not specifically specified) were associated with IPs [44]. Although it was reported that progression of IPs to SCC was associated with presence of HPV in literature [19] [47]. Mohajeri et al. found that HPV was not supported as an etiological factor in IP development or its progression to SCC [31]. Unfortunately, in our study, we did not have sufficient HPV testing, and that was considered as one of the limitations of this study. Thus, further research is required to establish an association between HPV infections and IP recurrence or progression to SCC.
Smoking and exposure to tobacco was reported in 40.5% of our study, with recurrence rate of 26.7%. While, nonsmokers in our study were reported to be 59.5% with a recurrence rate of 50%. This demonstrated that tobacco exposure was not a significant variable in terms of recurrence of the disease in this study sample. However, this is contradicted in literature that has identified smoking as an important risk factor of IP recurrence [44] [48].
Other factors have been documented regarding the role of genetic alterations such as p53, p21, p16, inflammatory genes, anti-apoptotic factors and intercellular adhesion molecules into SNIP malignant transformation [49]. Keles et al. [48] revealed reduced level of p27 expression correlated with increased cell proliferation in Sino-Nasal tumors, while variable p21 and p53 expressions were detected in both benign and malignant tumors of the Sino-Nasal epithelium [48].
5. Conclusion
This retrospective study summarized our findings in terms of clinical characteristics, post-operative recurrence rate, malignant transformation and other factors affecting the rate of recurrence. The earlier the time of diagnosis and the earlier the Krouse staging at diagnosis, the more accurate and complete the surgical intervention would be. Rates of recurrence minimize with thorough resection of tumors at initial surgery. One of the limitations of this study was the missed long-term follow-up of these patients to detect recurrence in a timely manner. Further studies are required for identification of risk factors and certain etiologies in the pathogenesis of Sino Nasal Inverted Papilloma as there are many controversies in the etiology of such papillomas.
Acknowledgements
A special thanks to the pathology and radiology department members for providing the patients data. We extend our thanks to Training Directorate, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, for their support and encouragement.
Ethical Consideration
Ethical approval submitted.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors were involved with the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of the data, and have approved the final manuscript.