Effects of Non-Conventional Substrate and NPK Fertilizer on Cassava Plantlets Acclimatization for Plant Material Production ()
1. Introduction
Cassava is cultivated for its carbohydrate-rich roots, and leaves which constitute an inexpensive source of leafy vegetables rich in protein and vitamins [1] [2]. It is tolerant to harsh climatic conditions with minimum fertilizer for its production so it is a subsistence crop for over a milliard people in over 105 tropical and subtropical countries [3], thus ensuring the food security of many households in tropics [4] [5]. In Benin, it is cultivated in all agro-ecological zones by more than 70% of farmers and consumed by more than 50% of the population [6]. Furthermore, it contributes to the diversification of farmers’ income. Considering cuttings usually obtained from neighboring fields or from the previous season, huge yield reductions due to an expansion of viral diseases were noted [7] [8]. It is one of the main causes of viral diseases propagation such as “Cassava Mosaic Disease” (CMD) and “Cassava Brown Streak Disease” (CBSD) [9]. With the constraint of non-availability free virus planting material,in vitro culture techniques have been developed to produce free virus planting material of cassava [10]. After meristem culture and micropropagation of some cassava varieties [11], the seedlings were acclimatized without taking into account the graduation conditions in acclimatization process, and other environmental and intrinsic factors in plantlets [12]. In fact, the nutrient watering solutions, relative humidity and temperature constitute important factors that determine the acclimatization process [13] [14]. Moreover, the effect of substrates is very decisive in the acclimatization success [15] [16] but few have discussed the use of local products including palm fibers and sawdust instead of peat and vermiculite. Likewise, different combinations of NPK fertilizers have been used successfully during acclimatization of cassava [17], and no research has documented the NPK fertilizers available for food crop. According to their height not considered in laboratory conditions, plantlets are sometimes very fragile and little adaptable to greenhouse or natural conditions with losses ranging up to 90% [16]. Research undertook on acclimatization technique improvement is a challenge because, in addition to the strong thermal contrast between the greenhouse and the tissue culture conditions, the fertilizers used (peat and vermiculites) remain little available to farmers. That is the context the present work aims to optimize the conditions for successful acclimatization by considering environmental factors and healthy planting material, local substratum and NPK fertilizer in watering in order to renew the plant material existing in a peasant environment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material Origins
The plant material was constituted of seven cassava varieties plantlets RB 89509, Atiwè, ATI, OKI, Dossi, Somity (local varieties from Benin) and BF92/0267 variety from Burkina-Faso. These varieties were included in the WAVE (Central and West African Virus Epidemiology) germplasm and theirs plantlets were produced at the Central Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding of the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin (LCBVAP/UAC).
2.2. Calibration of Plantlets and Pre-Acclimatization
Cassava plantlets with good root system, two nodes at least, and a minimum of three leaves were gently removed from the growing media. They were then calibrated according to their length (cm) in five modalities: [1 - 5], ]5 - 10], ]10 - 15], and ]15 - 20], and after sown in the pots containing various substrates.
2.3. Substrates and Watering Solutions
Substrates were obtained by mixing compost, potting soil, sawdust and palm kernel fibers with distilled water (Table 1) and then sterilized in the autoclave at 121˚C for 20 min [18]. This was followed by cooling for one hour and then potting in pots (8.6 cm in diameter and 5.3 cm in height), pierced with 4 holes, washed and disinfected in bleach for 24 h. A batch of seeded pots was placed directly in a tunnel where average internal temperature varies between 27.32˚C and 28.91˚C and the relative humidity varies between 88.38% and 99.98%. The second batch was in an air-conditioned room with an internal temperature of 25˚C and a relative humidity of 95% for seven days before being transferred to tunnel for five weeks. This humidity was kept saturated by regular sprinkling of water.
As concern the watering, the shive solution [12] control solution (SN1), and the NPK fertilizer solutions composed of 20-10-10 (SN2); 13-17-17 (SN3) constituting a modified combination derive from the recommended combination (10-52-10) for cassava acclimatization [17]. The nutrient watering solutions were obtained by diluting 2 g of fertilizer in 1 L of water and applied at 80 ml per pot [19] immediately after transplanting into the substrates and once a week for the six weeks of the experiment.
2.4. Experimental Set-Up and Data Analysis
The experimental set-up was a random block made up of three rows of plastic pots. Each row representing a watering solution consists of three different types of substrate, the seven varieties with four repetitions; making 84 pots per row for a total of 252 pots for the three rows. Thus, each acclimatization condition (tunnel and air-conditioned chamber + tunnel) was made up of 252 pots, for a total of 504 pots for the conduct of the entire experiment. The data providing information on the survival or not of tissue culture plants under pre-acclimatization conditions were subjected to a binary logistic regression. A generalized linear regression model was applied in order to determine the relationship between the
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Table 1. Acclimatisation substrates.
S = Substrate.
number of leaves and the substrates on the one hand and the nutrient watering solutions on the other. The height parameter of the plantlets was subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to reveal the differences between the treatments. Duncan’s test was applied for treatments significant at the 5% level. Data obtained were analyzed using XLSTAT version 14 software.
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Pre-Acclimatization on Plantlets Survival
The chi-square test showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the acclimatization processes. Also, varieties and the Pregnant × Variety interaction had a highly significant influence (p < 0.0001) on plantlet survival. Under tunnel, the rate of survival varied from 24.44% (ATI) to 37.78% (Atiwè) against 44.44% (ATI) to 77.78% (OKI) under acclimatization conditions (Table 2, Figure 1).
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Table 2. Binary regression of acclimatization process on plantlet survival.
*** = very highly significant difference (p < 0.0001); DDL: degree of freedom, Pr: probability.
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Figure 1. Variation of the survival rate of seven cassava plantlets varieties by acclimatization condition.
3.2. Effects of the Height on Plantlet Survival
The Chi-square test revealed a highly significant influence (p = 0.023) within a height of different survival plantlet. However, the interaction between varieties and the variety × Height class interaction had a very high influence (p < 0.0001) on survival rate acclimatization (Table 3). All varieties with a stem length between 1 and 5 cm exhibited a survival rate from 40% to 70%; but those with a stem length between 5 and 10 cm exhibited a survival rate ranging from 20% to 53%. Plantlets with stem length classed between ]10 - 15] cm, had a survival rate close to zero. However, with the class ]15 - 20], the varieties Dossi and BF exhibited respectively 50% and 100% of survival rates (Figure 2).
3.3. Effects of Substrates on Survival and Growth of the Plantlets
The results indicated that the survival rate of acclimatized plantlets was not influenced by the substrates (p > 0.05) (Table 4). In addition, genotype and the interaction genotypes × substrates had a significant influence on the survival rate (p = 0.003). This survival rate varied from 33.33% (ATI) to 56.67% (OKI) on substrate S1; from 32.67% (BF92/0267) to 60% (Atiwè) on the S2 substrate and from 30% (RB 89509) to 63.33% (Atiwè) on the S3 substrate (Figure 3).
The number of leaves emitted is not influenced by either substrate or the substrate × variety interaction. On the other hand, it is significantly influenced by
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Table 3. Binary regression of the survival plantlets height on acclimatization.
* = significant difference (p < 0.05), ** = highly significant difference (p < 0.01); *** = very highly significant difference (p < 0.001) DDL: degree of freedom, Pr: probability; Class. Ht: height class.
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Figure 2. Interaction between plantlets from the seven cassava varieties and the height classes.
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Table 4. Binary regression of the substrates on the plantlets survival.
NS = non-significant difference; ** = highly significant difference (p < 0.01); DDL: degree of freedom, Pr: probability.
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Figure 3. Interaction between plantlets from seven varieties of cassava and substrates.
the variety (p < 0.004). The best phylogenesis was observed in RB89509 variety with 1.87 leaves on substrate S2. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination is low R2 (23.84%) < 50% (Table 5).
Likewise, growth in height was very significantly influenced by cassava genotypes (p < 0.0001), substrate and substrate × variety interaction had no influence on height growth. Thus, the BF92/0267 variety has a greater height whatever the substrate with values 0.90 cm, 1.2 cm and 1.13 cm respectively on the substrates S1, S2 and S3. The lowest height gain was obtained in local varieties OKI (0.06 cm) on substrate S1 and Dossi (0.05 cm) on substrate S3. In addition, it should be noted that the coefficient of determination is high R2 (%) > 50 (Table 5).
3.4. Effect of Watering Solution on Plantlet Survival and Growth
The Chi-square Test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the watering nutrient solutions on the survival rate on cassava plantlets (Table 6). However, the varieties and the variety × nutrient solution interaction had a highly significant effect on the survival rate of plantlets (p < 0.05). The survival rate per watering nutrient solution varied from 26.67% (BF92/0267) to 53.33%
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Table 5. Variation of the average number of leaves emitted and the height growth of plantlets by variety under the effect of substrates.
NbreM. F: Average number of leaves; HT gain (cm): Height gain; The values followed by the same letter are not significantly different; NS = non-significant difference; *** = very highly significant difference (p < 0.001).
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Table 6. Binary regression of watering nutrient solutions on plantlets survival.
S = not significant difference; * = significant difference (p < 0.05), ** = highly significant difference (p < 0.01); DDL: *** = very highly significant difference (p < 0.001); degree of freedom, Pr: probability; Nut. Nutrient solutions.
(Atiwè) for SN1 solution; from 36.67% (Somity) to 63.33% (Atiwè) for SN2 solution, and from 30% (RB 89509) to 53.33% (OKI) for the SN3 solution (Figure 4).
3.5. Effect of Nutrient Irrigation Solutions on the Survival Plantlets from the Seven Cassava Varieties during Acclimatization
The nutrient solution and the nutrient solutions × varieties interaction showed no significant influence on the number of leaves emitted. The varieties presented a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the emission of new leaves with a better phylogenesis observed on RB 89509 variety (2.13 leaves with SN2) and the lowest observed on OKI variety (0.33) using SN3 nutrient solution. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination is low R2 (30.57%) < 50 (Table 7).
Height growth was very significantly influenced by genotypes (p < 0.0001) with coefficient of determination is high R2 (58.6%) > 50) (Table 7). The nutrient watering solution and the nutrient watering solution × variety interaction had no influence on height growth (Table 6). Plantlets of the variety BF92/0267 had a higher height regardless of the nutrient watering solution. Thus, the gain in height was 0.8 cm, 1.18 cm and 1.12 cm respectively for SN1, SN2 and SN3. The lowest height gains were obtained in local varieties OKI (0 cm with SN3), ATI (0.05 cm with SN3) and Sommity (0.025 cm with SN1).
4. Discussion
The response of cassava plantlets to acclimatization varied according to acclimatization conditions, height of plantlets, non-conventional substrate used, and nutrient watering solution. The survival rate obtained in pre-acclimatization
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Figure 4. Interaction of seven cassava plantlets varieties with the watering nutrient solution.
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Table 7. Variation of the average leaf number and the height growth of plantlets per variety under the effect of watering nutrient solutions.
SN: Watering nutrient solution; NbreM.F: Average number of leaves; Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different; HT gain (cm): Height gain; NS = non-significant difference; * = significant difference (p > 5%); *** = very highly significant difference (p < 0.001).
condition (42.29%) was clearly higher than that obtained by Cacaï et al. [12] directly under tunnel. Indeed, the passage of cassava plantlet through the artificial conditions of tissue culture (temperature: 25˚C and humidity 100%) to the tunnel conditions (temperature 28.4˚C and humidity 90%) could create a thermal shock and promote strong perspiration on plantlets, due to the opening of their stomata [20] and limiting their survival. In addition, Chandra et al. [21] have shown that direct transfer of plantlets to broad spectrum sunlight (4000 - 12,000 lux) and temperature (26˚C - 36˚C) can cause leaves carbonization and seedlings wilting. So, it is judicious to make a gradual transfer of plantlet during acclimatization [18]. Thus, by maintaining in a humid tent for six weeks and gradual transfer of plantlet during the acclimatization allowed an adaptation to the conditions of the new environment.
These depending on the responses of varieties were not influenced by the substrate. Thus, compost and potting soil are common elements to all three substrates, sawdust and palm kernel fibers did not provide any significant improvement in the quality of the substrates. Also, we note the quality of the substrates used in water retention, promoting optimal growth of the root system and the development of plantlets [18].
The different nutrient watering solutions did not significantly impact the survival rate of plantlets. In fact, plantlets survive during the first days of acclimatization are related to the energy reserves accumulated in the roots in in vitro conditions, which was similar to the works of Aragon et al. [22] on the need of good system root for the removal of mineral elements. Genotype has significantly influenced the absorption elements from the watering solutions, which explains a better survival rate of the BeAT variety over other varieties regardless of the watering solution. Also, the effect of varieties and that of nutrient watering solutions could not be separated to explain the success of acclimatization. Finally, the coefficients of determination are low in explaining the effect of both substrates and nutrient solutions for leaf emission. Moreover, they are bred for the gain in height of plantlets acclimatized. It showed the gain in height best discriminates the respective effects of substrates and nutrient solutions for successful acclimatization, this revealed the effects of technological treatments on cassava nutrient composition [23].
5. Conclusion
From this study, it emerges that the pre-acclimatization of cassava plantlet to a temperature of 25˚C ± 1˚C and humidity average of 90% for seven days before their passage through the tunnel improved the survival rate. In addition, plantlet height had a significant impact on the acclimatization success. For this factor, plantlet with a height from 1 to 5 cm was more apt to survive. It should be noted that the combination (Soil + Compost + Sawdust) on the one hand and the nutrient watering solutions of NPK fertilizer (20-10-10) on the other hand gave the best survival rate, phylogenesis and height growth.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation-funded WAVE (Central and West African Virus Epidemiology) programme. The authors acknowledge the European Union for additional financial assistance.