Aggressive Dorsal Vertebral Hemangioma Causing Compressive Mielopathy ()
1. Introduction
Vertebral hemangiomas are the most common benign angiomatous lesions involving the spine, with an estimated incidence of 10% - 12% based on large autopsy series and reviews of spine radiographs [1] . Histologically, these lesions are composed of fully developed adult blood vessels with slow flowing, dilated venous channels surrounded by fat, infiltrating the medullary cavity [2] . Most vertebral hemangiomas are asymptomatic and incidentally discovered on imaging evaluation of the spine [3] .
A rare subset of vertebral hemangiomas, however, is characterized by extra-osseous extension, bone expansion, disturbance of blood flow, and occasionally compression fractures and thereby referred to as aggressive hemangiomas [4] , and it accounts for approximately 1% of spinal hemangiomas [5] . Although vertebral hemangiomas are typically incidental findings, they are symptomatic in 0.9% to 1.2% of adults [1] . Aggressive vertebral hemangiomas are benign lesions that do not have metastatic potential and are not associated with mortality [6] and may be mistaken for metastasis resulting in unnecessary biopsies, which have a high risk of hemorrhage [7] .
In this case report, we aim to describe and illustrate an interesting case of aggressive hemangioma in a young man who coursed with thoracic spine pain and progressive paraparesis, focusing on imaging features.
2. Case Report
We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient, who was admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital with a report of sudden, severe pain in the upper dorsal spine, without irradiation or related trauma, which started in November 2018. Two months after the onset of symptoms, he evolved with paraparesis, an ascending and progressive sensory deficit in the lower limbs and, subsequently, with loss of sphincter control and paraplegia.
In this hospitalization, the patient underwent Computed Tomography (CT) of the dorsal spine, which revealed hypodense expansile vertebral mass, with cortical defects and soft tissue extension and spinal cord compression with the “polka dot” sign evidencing thickened vertebral trabeculae. The lesion shows enhancement after iodinated contrast injection (Figure 1). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the dorsal spine showed a large, solid, expansive formation involving the levels from T2 to T4, with invasion of the vertebral canal, determining severe compression and anterior deviation of the vertebral sac and spinal cord, with extension to the T2-T3 and T3-T4 conjugation foramina, infiltrating the pedicles, laminae, transverse processes and T3 spinous process. The lesion exhibits marked hyposignal on T1 weighted images, with some foci of hypersignal, with mild hypersignal on T2, with marked post-contrast enhancement, inferring hypervascularization (Figure 2). There is a restriction on diffusion, with an ADC measure estimated at 1.9 × 10−3 mm2/s (Figure 3).
The patient underwent open biopsy of the lesion on August 2020, progressing uneventfully and being discharged a few days later. The biopsy demonstrated bone trabeculae with no particularities with medullary region showing proliferation of a conglomerate of thin-walled blood vessels composed of capillary-sized
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Figure 1. CT images of the dorsal spine in bone window (A) in sagittal section and (B) in axial section show hypodense expansile vertebral mass extending from the levels of T2-T4, with cortical defects and soft tissue extension and spinal cord compression with the “polka dot” sign evidencing thickened vertebral trabeculae in T3 vertebra. (C) CT image in axial section and soft tissue window shows that the lesion has post contrast enhancement.
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Figure 2. MRI of the dorsal spine show a large, solid, extra-axial, epidural, expansive formation involving the levels from T2 to T4, with epicenter in the vertebral body of T3, with invasion of the vertebral canal, determining severe compression and anterior deviation of the vertebral sac and spinal cord, with extension to the T2-T3 and T3-T4 conjugation foramina, infiltrating the pedicles, laminae, transverse processes and T3 spinous process. (A) T1-weighted sagittal MRI shows that the lesion exhibits a marked hyposignal, with rare foci of hypersignal in this series. (B) T2-weighted sagittal MRI demonstrates that the lesion exhibits mild hypersignal in this series, with some foci of hyposignal. Post-contrast T1-weighted MRI in (C) sagittal and (D). axial sections demonstrate that the lesion exhibits marked post-contrast enhancement.
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Figure 3. MRI of the dorsal spine in sagittal sections show the lesion presents diffusion restriction, with an ADC measure estimated at 1.9 × 10−3 mm2/s.
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Figure 4. Microscopic findings: (A, B) histological sections stained in hematoxylin-eosin show bone trabeculae with no particularities, with proliferation of small vascular channels lined by typical endothelium. Immunohistochemistry study shows: (C) Anti-CD34 positive in vessels. (D) Anti-CD31 positive in vessels.
vessels some withdilated open channels. The vascular channels are lined by a single layer of flat endothelial cells with no atypia. The vascular channels are complete, are separate, and do not show an anastomosing pattern. The intercellular tissue is composed of loose connective without adipose tissue. Immunohistochemistry study shows anti-CD34 positive and anti-CD31 positive endothelial cells (Figure 4).
3. Discussion
Aggressive hemangiomas can spread not just into the paraspinal soft tissues but also into the epidural region of the spinal canal causing compression and paraparesis [7] . Thus, while uncommon, aggressive hemangioma may present acutely with back pain, radiculopathy or myelopathy, warranting emergent evaluation [5] . These lesions can occur at any age and they have been noted to have a predilection for the thoracic spine, so that 75% of these lesions occur in the thoracic spine between T3 and T9 vertebral segments [8] .
The CT findings that suggest an aggressive hemangioma of the spine are hypodense expansile vertebral masses, with cortical defects and soft tissue extension and spinal cord/nerve root compression [9] . Typical “polka-dot” sign in axial images and “corduroy” sign in sagittal images can be helpful in the diagnosis, due to replacement of the normal bone by thickened vertical trabeculae surrounded by fat marrow or vascular lacunae in intraosseous hemangiomas [10] . They generally occupy the entire vertebral body, extend into the neural arch, expand the osseous margins, and contain a soft tissue component [9] . These image aspects could be observed in the case reported, as seen in the images.
In MRI we observe thickened trabeculae appear as low signal areas in both T1 and T2 images [9] . Aggressive hemangiomas typically contain less fat and more vascular stroma thereby producing a low MR signal on T1 weighted images [11] . The extraosseous component typically follows usual hemangioma in all pulse sequences with high T1 and T2 signals as well as uniform post-contrast enhancement [9] . Methods of diffusion-weighted MRI with the construction of ADC maps enables visualization of restriction of diffusion of water molecules associated with proliferative activity and high cell density, which is typical for the tumor process, what enables the nature of the lesion to be differentiated [12] . Some studies show that the ADC value of vertebral hemangiomas is significantly higher than that of malignant lesions [12] . A study performed by Geneidi et al demonstrated the diagnostic value of a restricted pattern by DWI for the discrimination between benign and malignant lesions, and the results showed that the best cut-off criterion is ADC of 0.67, and this means that 0.67 indicates malignant result while >0.67 is defined as benign results with a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 79% and accuracy of 87% [13] . According to Neubauer et al., mean ADC 1.03 × 10−3 mm2/s is a strong indicator of malignancy at the first diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 91% [14] . In the case we reported above, the measure of the ADC value was estimated at 1.9 × 10−3 mm2/s, suggesting benignity, although it presented aggressive behavior.
The differential diagnosis of aggressive vertebral hemangiomas includes plasmacytoma, metastases and lymphoma [15] . Surgery is required in cases of rapid or progressive neurological symptoms like compressive myelopathy or radiculopathy [15] . Radiation, embolization, vertebroplasty, and ethanol injection have also been used in combination with surgery [15] . Despite the variety of available treatment options, the optimal management strategy is unclear because aggressive vertebral hemangiomas are uncommon lesions, making it difficult to perform large trials [15] .
4. Conclusion
In summary, in this report we describe and illustrate an interesting case of aggressive hemangioma, with its typical symptomatic presentation and with its main imaging features, as well as its histopathological findings. In addition, we performed a brief review of the literature on imaging findings, clinical picture and evolution in these cases, possible differential diagnoses and therapeutics. Although uncommon, it is important for radiologists and orthopedists to be aware of aggressive hemangioma in order to diagnose patients with symptoms of spinal pain.
Information
- Study developed in the Radiology Department of the Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
- No funding was used in this study.
- There is no conflict of interest of the authors in this work/document.