Treatment Adherence of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis during COVID-19 Pandemic ()
1. Introduction
The world is witnessing a substantial economic impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and India, a developing country, is no exception. COVID-19 has slowed down the Indian economic growth to 3.1% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in January-March 2020. As in May 2020, the CRISIL’s expert projected that the Indian economy might shrink by 5% GDP in the fiscal year 2021 [1]. According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) report, during the lockdown, an estimated 14 crore (140 million) people lost employment, among which 91.3 million were small traders and laborers, 18.2 million were entrepreneurs, and 17.8 million were salaried employees [2] [3]. Therefore, during any epidemic situation, self-funding for chronic disease management could have a setback and affect treatment adherence and outcomes.
Rheumatoid arthritis is one such chronic disease wherein the medical expense towards its management is substantial. Medication alone accounts for 40% of the total cost of managing the disease [4]. Moreover, out-of-pocket expenditure towards medication is one of the reasons for non-adherence [5].
Non-adherence could negatively affect the treatment outcome. In addition, the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to uncertainty about the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with immunosuppressive medications, which can predispose the patients to infections. Patients with rheumatological diseases or on immunosuppressive therapies are at higher risk for infections. According to a retrospective longitudinal cohort study, the risk of confirmed infections, infections needing hospitalization, and any documented infection increased by 70%, 83%, and 45%, respectively, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [6]. A prospective longitudinal study confirmed that patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a 50% higher risk of contracting severe infections than non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Specific attributes of rheumatoid arthritis—immunepathogenesis of the disease, comorbidities, or treatment with immunosuppressants increase the risk for infections [7]. On the contrary, evidence also suggests that sustained remission can alleviate the risk of severe infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [8].
To overcome the risk of infection, in the milieu of COVID-19, the German Society of Rheumatology and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) have issued recommendations of continuing immunosuppressive therapy despite concerns of increased susceptibility to infections [9] [10]. Moreover, interruption or reduction of immunosuppression would increase the risk of relapse, consequently increases the risk of infection.
Traditionally, rheumatoid arthritis is managed with Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs). In addition, a small proportion of non-responders to DMARDs are offered biological agents like Tumor Necrosis-alpha (TNF-α) blockers, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules. The COVID-19 pandemic limited the patient’s access to healthcare workers and facilities and forced rheumatologists to resort to electronic consultation. Consequently, patients had no access to injectable medications during the initial phase of the lockdown period. Hence, there was a surge in the use of oral medications. The Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors are target synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), which target upstream protein tyrosine kinases, have been licensed to be used in rheumatoid arthritis [11] [12]. In India, among tsDMARDS, tofacitinib, a JAK 3/1/2 antagonist, and baricitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, are the two commercially available oral therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. However, the cost is a significant challenge for prescribing these agents in India. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the use of JAK inhibitors in a hospital-based rheumatology service in eastern India during the pandemic period.
2. Methods
Data of all patients enrolled (physically or electronically) under active follow-up in the Rheumatology Outpatient Department (OPD) of our hospital were analyzed during the COVID-19 lockdown period (21 March 2020 to 31 July 2020). We audited the records of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, receiving a regular small molecule, the JAK inhibitors, for 6 months or more. In addition, we administered a questionnaire to all patients (Annexure 1) to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Data from the questionnaire and medical records related to demographic, clinical, laboratory, drug history, and current treatment were compiled in tabular format. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
3. Results and Observations
Of 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received treatment with JAK inhibitors, 24 patients were seen in OPD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight patients were men. The patients ranged from 38 and 76 years. The average distance of their place of residence from the hospital was about 28 km (range 1 to 54 km). Most patients were graduates. Patients (n = 24) visited the hospital during the lockdown for various reasons (Table 1)—discuss blood reports, worsening pain/symptoms, fear of COVID infection, and discontinuation of expensive medications because of the financial setbacks in the lockdown period. The financial status of patients is shown in Table 2. Patients faced up to a 25% reduction in their annual income. A higher proportion of patients in the 10 Lakhs - 25 Lakhs per annum income had a 15% reduction in their income.
Of 24 patients who visited the OPD, six had a recent history of influenza-like symptoms (Table 3), and five had an abnormal chest X-ray. Of these five patients, two required high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of chest and pulmonologist referral. Four patients needed a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for COVID 19, and all were COVID RT-PCR negative. The average-C-reactive protein (CRP) was 0.8 ± 0.4 mg/dL, and the disease activity score (DAS) 28 was 2.9 ± 1 (Table 4).
Of 24 patients, four patients had stopped treatment with JAK inhibitors due to the drug’s financial restriction and initial non-availability during the lockdown.
Of 24 patients, 22 were receiving concomitant methotrexate, and two were on steroid therapy.
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Table 1. Profile of patients visiting the rheumatology department during the lockdown.
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Table 2. Income distribution of patients before and after COVID (n = 24).
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Table 3. Patients with symptoms of influenza-like illness.
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Table 4. Laboratory findings during COVID-19.
4. Discussion
We found that only about 15% of patients failed to continue JAK inhibitors due to financial reasons. Self-funding patients with chronic conditions appear to continue treatment even in difficult times.
Treatment interruption could set off a vicious cycle of infection-flareimmunosuppression therapy [13]. Hence, control of disease activity is critical in patients with rheumatoid during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in the milieu of the COVID-19 pandemic, treatment adherence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis could be compromised by several factors—the apprehension about immunosuppression status and risk of COVID-19, COVID-19 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, shortage of medications, and cost of medications.
Biological DMARDs, including JAK inhibitors, are the newer class of drugs often used in conjunction with other DMARDs. JAK inhibitors intrude the JAK-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway associated with immune response and alleviate the inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis [14] [15]. Immunosuppression status is suspected as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. However, a review of reports on patients with underlying rheumatological diseases confirms that patients on immunosuppression are not at risk of COVID [13]. Treatment interruption can compromise control of disease activity and predispose patients to infections. Infections, in turn, aggravate rheumatoid arthritis leading to a flare warranting immunosuppression therapy. Therefore, patients with stable disease need not discontinue treatment with steroids or DMARDs until they are infected with COVID-19. In the event of contracting COVID-19, patients can temporarily stop the treatment. The ACR guideline suggests resumption of treatment with DMARDs/other biologicals within 7 - 14 days of symptom resolution and after 10 - 17 days in asymptomatic COVID-19-positive patients [11]. Biological DMARDs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are also being tried in COVID-19 patients. The ACR guidelines recommend that patients continue therapy with biological DMARDs and switch to an alternative DMARD in case of shortage or non-availability of medications [10]. In this retrospective analysis, none of the 24 patients on JAK inhibitors suffered from COVID-19 during the pandemic. Most of the patients in our study were educated and hence understood the importance of continuing the treatment.
Treatment with JAK inhibitors is generally expensive than methotrexate but is cost-effective compared to adalimumab or etanercept [15] [16]. On average, our patients had nearly one-fifth (18.75%) reduction in annual income. However, despite the financial restriction, patients could afford to continue treatment with JAK inhibitors.
Moreover, changes in access to healthcare, online consultation, anxiety, and social isolation aggravate the disease and affect the patients with rheumatoid arthritis [17]. Although it was difficult for patients in our study to attend the OPD during the COVID-19 lockdown, a substantial percentage of patients did manage to consult in OPD by traveling nearly 30 Km from the hospital.
Adherence to DMARDs has been an issue under ordinary situations (without any pandemics). In a study from Egypt by Mahran et al., 65% of patients showed high, and 26% showed moderate adherence to DMARDs [18]. In contrast, a study from the Netherlands in 2004-2005 showed that 40% of the patients were non-adherent to DMARD. Another study showed that non-adherence to DMARDs in chronic rheumatic conditions is a substantial problem and side-effects or costs were the main contributors to non-adherence [19]. However, even in the face of a pandemic-associated low economic situation, the percentage of discontinuation of JAK inhibitors was low our study. A few studies have reported the treatment adherence to DMARDs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A study from the East Azarbaijan province of Iran reported that non-adherence to anti-rheumatoid medications was uncommon within 6 months after the beginning of COVID-19. Most of the patients were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 396/858 [46.5%]). Of 858 patients, 82 (9.6%) were treated with DMARDs, and 31 patients (37.8%) were non-adherent to DMARDs. The main reason for treatment non-adherence was fear of the immunosuppressive effects of medications [20]. Another study from Latin America analyzed the response from 345 patients with rheumatic disease to an electronic survey conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic May 14-25, 2020 [21]. In this study, most patients were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 177 [51.3%]). However, very few patients were receiving biologic or tsDMARDs (n = 25 [7.2%]). Nearly 85% (n = 293) of the respondents had not changed their medications. Among those who changed medications, 48.1% (n = 25) changed due to lack of availability of medications and 25% (n = 13) for fear of contracting COVID-19, respectively [21]. During 16 March 2020 and 3 April 2020, 656 patients with inflammatory were included in a survey conducted in Germany during the pandemic. Over 90% of the patients confirmed that they would continue the treatment even during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, most of them (56%) had rheumatoid arthritis [22]. The individual patient’s decision to continue DMARD therapy reflects the trusting relationship between patients and their doctors. In our study, nearly 85% of the patients continued treatment with JAK inhibitors. In this study, treatment continuation with JAK inhibitors, despite a reduction of income, could perhaps be due to the significant beneficial effect of the drugs on disease activity as evidenced by low average-C-reactive protein (CRP) and disease activity score (DAS) 28 [15].
As the sample size was small, further studies are needed to assess the treatment adherence to JAK inhibitors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
5. Conclusion
Adherence to JAK inhibitors was substantially high even in the face of income curtailment during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study shows that cost may not be a limiting factor for urban educated patients, especially when the treatment is effective.
Author Contributions
SB and SM both have collected data and written the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work, and have given final approval for the version to be published. The authors thank Dr. Punit Srivastava of Mediception Science Pvt. Ltd. (https://www.mediception.com/) for providing medical writing support in the preparation of this manuscript, funded by Zydus-Cadila India.
Annexure 1. Questions Administered to Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. Name of patient: _____________________________________________
2. Sex: £ Male £ Female
3. Age: __________________
4. Education: £ No formal education £ Studied up to 10th or 12th grade £ Graduated £ Post-graduate
5. Employment status: £ Currently unemployed £ Business/self-employed £ Employed in private or government organisation
6. Native place: ______________________________________________
7. Average distance of residence from hospital: ____________Kms
8. Average income (Pre-COVID-19): £ 5 Lakhs - 10 Lakhs £ 10 Lakhs - 25 Lakhs £ 25 Lakhs - 50 Lakhs £ Above 50 Lakhs
9. Average decrement in income due to COVID-19: £ No change £ 10% Decrement £ 15% Decrement £ 25% Decrement
10. Symptoms of influenza-like illness: £ Fever £ Shortness of breath £ Diarrhoea £ Sore throat £ Cough
11. Laboratory report: £ Attached £ Not attached
12. Details of current treatment: ________________________________
13. Are you taking any of the following medications for rheumatoid arthritis: £ Baricitinib £ Tofacitinib
14. Are you willing to continue treatment with baricitinib or tofacitinib? £ Yes £ No
15. If your answer to q14 is No. State reason(s) _____________________
Date:
Place:
Signature of the Doctor