Effects of Individual Explanations by Midwives about the Process of Delivery, Using 3D Animation Software, on Parturient Females’ Understanding of and Satisfaction with Delivery ()
1. Introduction
1) Academic background of research
In Japan, the proportion of c-sections is on the rise, with over twice as many compared to 25 years ago. In 2017, the percentage at general hospitals was 26% [1] . This is a global trend, and a rise in c-sections can be seen in all OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) member countries [2] . Thus, the cooperation of medical professionals and expecting mothers in avoiding unnecessary c-sections is vital.
It is difficult for mothers and visiting family to visualize what is happening inside the pelvic region during delivery, having the mother play a role in planning and managing the deliver and understanding the situation leads to avoiding the risks of relying on a c-section.
In a study on the relationship between women’s image of childbirth during pregnancy and their feelings toward it, women with a positive image of childbirth showed higher confidence in relation to it, and higher confidence led to higher satisfaction in the five days following delivery [3] . In the interest of improving patient satisfaction, midwives must be ever aware of what their patients are feeling and able to provide the care they need at all times. The need for a foundation of research upon which to base this care has also been brought up [4] .
From the above facts, we can expect that having midwives explain each individual step of labor will help the patient understand the process of childbirth and give them insight. Of the four elements of childbirth (birth canal, fetal health, expulsive force, state of mind), we can also expect it to have a positive effect on the patient’s state of mind. Additionally, the sharing of information between the medical professionals and the patient/family can be a great help in avoiding unnecessary c-sections and providing a safe and satisfactory delivery. For example, sharing the current state of the delivery and predictions of how it will progress can prepare patients for sudden progression, and help them understand why certain management techniques and procedures are done when labor isn’t proceeding as planned.
3D computer graphic materials have been developed in association with the topics of this study [5] [6] , all of which are mainly educational materials geared toward specialists and students. Digital communication support tools using techniques similar to those in this study are being developed and used in clinics for patient education in many regions [7] [8] . However, there is no tool in development to aid mothers in visualizing the torrent of changes happening inside them during childbirth.
2) Purpose of research
To demonstrate the effect explanation from a midwife making use of 3D animation software has on birthing mothers’ understanding of the process of childbirth and their satisfaction with their childbirth experience, by comparison with the control group.
3) Hypothesis
a) The level of understanding of the process of childbirth will be higher in the intervention group than in the control group.
b) The level of satisfaction with the experience of childbirth will be higher in the intervention group than in the control group.
4) Terms
Delivery Animation (Figure 1).
Delivery Animation is shown in Figure 1.
a) Definition
An independently developed software application used to display the pelvic region and explain the labor process. Pelvic exam data (cervical dilation, fetal station) is input using the Bishop score, which is a scale currently in use at routine clinics outside Japan, and corresponding images are displayed: frontal and lateral images of the mother’s abdomen, dilation of the cervix, normal rotation, and abnormal rotation (occipitoposterior malposition).
b) Development process
i) The original idea was proposed among the researchers based on existing materials (obstetrics textbooks, reference books, etc.)
ii) An external animation specialist cooperated with the researchers to create the illustrations based on the original Delivery Animation idea.
iii) An external systems designer cooperated with the researchers to develop the software based on the Delivery Animation.
c) Software content
The details of the Delivery Animation software are as follows:
i) Input results of pelvic exam (dilation, fetal station)
ii) Display front and side images according to combination of values. Fetal station (front and side view of mother, 7 patterns from −3 to +3), and two patterns for rotation (normal and abnormal).
iii) Implemented function that enables the user to touch the screen to set zoom level.
iv) The software was installed on a Microsoft Surface Pro 3 tablet PC.
v) The system was designed in such a way that input cannot be recorded/saved.
2. Method of Research
1) Research design: Two-group cross comparative study
2) Survey period
a) April 2017 to August 2019
3) Research subjects
a) Intervention group: 70 women with an expected transvaginal birth at Gynecological Institution A at week 37 of gestation or later (34 primipara, 36 multipara).
b) Control group: 79 women with an expected transvaginal birth at Gynecological Institution A at week 37 of gestation or later (41 primipara, 38 multipara).
Using the statistical analysis software G*Power with a statistical significance of 0.05, detection quantity of 0.8, and detection strength of 0.8, the sample size was 27 subjects per group. Anticipating some subjects would drop out, we set the size of each group to be 40 subjects.
4) Inclusion Standards
a) Intervention group: women with an expected transvaginal birth at Gynecological Institution A at week 37 of gestation or later.
b) Control group: women with an expected transvaginal birth at Gynecological Institution A at week 37 of gestation or later.
5) Exclusion Standards
Judgement on whether to exclude subjects was decided by cooperative researchers (doctors and midwives).
a) At the time of referral to maternity ward/time of labor:
i) age under 20 years.
ii) premature birth.
iii) planned C-section.
iv) Mothers/infants with adverse health conditions (gestational hypertension, multiple conception, fetal aplasia, abnormal amount of amniotic fluid, abnormal heartbeat in fetus, etc.).
v) Delivery preparations required immediately at time of hospitalization or other urgent cases.
vi) women whose participation would be difficult from a delivery management perspective.
b) Puerperium:
i) Emergency C-section.
ii) Mothers/infants with adverse health conditions (postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal fever, postpartum mental illness, deep-vein thrombosis, stillbirth, critical complications in newborn, etc.).
6) Data collection method (Figure 2).
a) Intervention group: Recruitment and procedure
i) At referral to maternity ward near end of pregnancy: Collaborative researchers (midwives) explain the study and hands out the instruction and consent forms.
ii) At time of labor in hospital: Collaborative researcher (midwife) requests
and confirms consent form.
iii) From first phase of delivery (contractions every 10 minutes until cervix is dilated) to second phase of delivery (from dilation of cervix until delivery of infant): Using a tablet computer with the Delivery Animation installed, the collaborative researcher (midwife) explains the progression of the birth.
iv) After a pelvic examination, the collaborative researcher (midwife) record the findings on a partogram recorded in the usual procedure.
v) Day 1 following delivery: The collaborative researcher (midwife) gives the subject an anonymous questionnaire. Responses are collected by having the subject insert the answer sheet in the attached envelope and drop it in a response box placed in a private area (in front of the nursery) by the day 3 after delivery.
vi) At time of discharge on day 4 or 5 after delivery: Collaborative researcher (midwife) performs a birth review as per the usual procedure.
vii) The head of research collects the responses.
b) Control group: Recruitment and procedure (held after completion of intervention group portion).
The procedure for the control group is the same as for the intervention group, with the exception of step iii. For this step, the collaborative researcher (midwife) explained the course of delivery orally, as per the usual procedure.
c) Data collected (Table 1)
i) Subject characteristics: Age, number of births, progression of current pregnancy
ii) Participation in maternity (parenting) classes, location, sources of information about childbirth.
iii) Understanding of process of childbirth: Created individually to gain an understanding of the baseline data. 4-level Likert scale from Very knowledgeable (4 points) to No knowledge (1 point) in the categories of cervical dilation, fetal descent, fetal rotation, time required for delivery, changes in contractions, how water breaks.
iv) State of delivery (entries in maternity passbook): Length of pregnancy, method of delivery, time required for delivery, amount of blood lost during labor, infant birth weight, progress of infant, presence of partner/relative in delivery room.
v) Understanding of process of childbirth: Created individually based on information presented in Delivery Animation. 5-level Likert scale from Strongly Agree (5 points) to Strongly Disagree (1 point) in the categories of cervical dilation, fetal descent, fetal rotation, how the water breaks, state of delivery (how far it has progressed).
Satisfaction with birth: Used the abridged self-evaluation scale [9] . Measured how satisfied subjects were with their experience giving birth. The 18 subscales (Labor pain coping skills: 7 items, Medical staff trust: 6 items, physiological process of labor: 5 items) were measured on a 5-level scale from Strongly Agree (5 points) to Strongly Disagree (1 point) and the total for all 18 items added together to obtain a total score (ranging from 18 - 90 points). A higher score represents higher satisfaction with the experience of childbirth. The reliability of the scale and the validity of the Self-Evaluation Scale for Experience of Delivery upon which the abridged version is based has been verified [9] [10] .
vi) Evaluation of Delivery Animation: Rated on a 5-level Likert scale from Helpful (5 points) to Not helpful at all (1 point) in whether or not it was helpful in understanding the course of delivery and in communicating with doctor/midwife.
vii) Opinions about Delivery Animation (freeform response)
d) Method of analysis/evaluation (parturient): Statistical analysis used SPSS statistics 25 for Windows.
i) Statistics requested: Organized by primipara and multipara: subject characteristics, understanding of the course of childbirth during pregnancy, state of childbirth, understanding of the course of childbirth after delivery, Self-evaluation scale for experience of delivery (abridged version), evaluation of Delivery Animation.
ii) Statistical analysis performed. Compared the intervention group and control group, organized by primipara and multipara. χ2 tests were performed on qualitative data, whileｔtests and Mann-Whitney tests were performed on quantitative data after verifying distribution. Significance level was below 5%.
iii) Opinions on the Delivery Animation were categorized and member checked in a qualitative descriptive manner.
3. Results
The state of distribution/collection is according to Table 2.
1) Subject characteristics
The number of subjects is shown in Table 3. The ratio of primipara to multipara in the two groups was nearly equal. Subject characteristics are shown in Table 4. The age range of 25 - 29 years was the largest for primipara in both groups, while the range of 30 - 34 years was the largest for multipara in both groups. The percentages of current pregnancies that were proceeding normally were 65.0% and 76.0% for primipara in the intervention and control groups, respectively; they were 81.0% and 63.0% for multipara in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The most common abnormality for both primipara and multipara was treatment for anemia. 13 primipara in the intervention group (38.0%) and 21 in the control group (51.0%) said they had participated in maternity (parenting) classes, while the overwhelming majority of multipara said they did not (33 multipara in the intervention group (92.0%) and 32 multipara in the control group (92.0%). Primipara in both groups often claimed the internet, friends/acquaintances, and childcare books/magazines as sources of information on the course of childbirth, while the most common sources claimed by multipara in both groups were internet and maternity checkup.
In primipara and multipara, no significant differences were observed in χ2 test results for age, abnormality in pregnancy, or participation in maternity (parenting) classes between the control group and intervention group.
2) Understanding during pregnancy of course of childbirth (Figure 3)
Understanding during pregnancy of course of childbirth is shown in Figure 3.
For primipara, the highest proportions of very knowledgeable and some knowledge responses together were: “How contractions change” 64.7% for the intervention group and 68.3% for the control group and “Average duration of labor after contractions begin” 50.0% and 70.8% (intervention and control group, respectively). These were followed by: “How the cervix dilates during labor” (intervention 50.0%, control 53.7%); “How the infant descends the birth
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Table 2. State of Distribution/Collection # of participants (%).
n.s.: not significant.
canal” (intervention 41.1%, control 53.6%); “How the infant rotates during labor” (intervention 38.2%, control 46.4%); “How the water breaks” (intervention 20.6%, control 39.0%).
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Figure 3. level of Knowledge of process of childbirth.
For multipara, the highest proportions were: “How contractions change” (intervention 80.6%, control 97.4%); “How the cervix dilates during labor” (intervention 77.7%, control 84.3%); “Average duration of labor after contractions begin” (intervention 69.5%, control 79.0%). These were followed by: “How the infant descends the birth canal” (intervention 44.5%, control 76.3%); “How the infant rotates during labor” (intervention 41.6%, control 60.5%); “How the water breaks” (intervention 58.4%, control 55.2%).
Comparison of the intervention and control groups revealed no significant differences among primipara. Among multipara, “How the infant descends the birth canal” was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the control group.
3) State of delivery (Table 5)
State of delivery is shown in Table 5.
The methods of birth were divided into natural birth and non-natural births, non-natural births including induced labor, induced contractions, etc. The percentage of natural births was 38% and 22% for primipara, and 25% and 45% for
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Table 5. State of subject delivery.
n.s.: not significant.
multipara (intervention/control group respectively). The duration of labor for primipara was less than 15 hours for 79% for the intervention group and 80% for the control group; for multipara, this was 89% for the intervention group and 100% for the control group. The amount of bleeding was low for 65% of primipara in the intervention group (68% for the control group) and 75% of multipara in the intervention group (84% for the control group).
The birth weight between primipara, multipara, intervention group, and control group was between 2500 g and 4000 g. The vast majority of responses for progress of infant were “Under hospital supervision”. 68% each of primipara for both groups had a partner or relative present in the delivery room, while for multipara this was 64% (intervention group) and 74% (control group).
In both primipara and multipara, no significant differences were observed in in χ2 test results between groups for delivery method, duration of labor, amount of bleeding during labor, birth weight, or presence of companion in delivery room between the intervention group and control group.
4) Understanding after viewing Delivery Animation (Figure 4)
Understanding after viewing Delivery Animation is shown in Figure 4.
For primipara, the highest proportions of Strongly Agree and Agree responses together were: “Understood dilation” (intervention 97.0%, control 92.0%); “Understood descent of infant” (intervention 94.1%, control 82.9%). These were followed by: “Understood my progress through delivery” (intervention 88.3%, control 80.5%); “Understood infant’s rotation” (intervention 85.3%, control 53.5%); “Understood how the water breaks” (intervention 67.7%, control 48.8%).
For multipara, the highest proportions were: “Understood dilation” (intervention 97.2%, control 97.4%); “Understood descent of infant” (intervention 94.5%, control 94.8%); “Understood my progress through delivery” (intervention 91.6%, control 97.4%); These were followed by: “Understood infant’s rotation” (intervention 91.6%, control 52.6%); “Understood how the water breaks” (intervention
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Figure 4. Understanding of process after viewing delivery animation.
75.0%, control 84.2%).
Comparison of the intervention and control groups showed revealed significantly higher scores among primipara in the intervention group in “Understood descent of infant” (p < 0.01), “Understood infant rotation (p < 0.001) and “Understood my progression through delivery” (p < 0.01). Among multipara in the control group, scores were significantly higher in “Understood infant’s rotation” (p < 0.001).
5) Satisfaction with delivery after viewing Delivery Animation
The average values classified by the subscales of the delivery experience self-evaluation are shown in Table 6. Classified by category, the average values among both primipara and multipara descend in the order of “level of trust with medical staff”, “physiological process of labor”, and “labor pain coping skills.” No significant differences were observed between the intervention and control group.
Classified by the categories of each subscale are shown in Figures 5-7.
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Table 6. Level of satisfaction with delivery.
n.s.: not significant.
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Figure 5. Level of satisfaction with childbirth (labor coping skills).
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Figure 6. Level of Satisfaction with childbirth (trust in medical staff).
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Figure 7. Level of Satisfaction with Childbirth (Physiological process of Labor).
Classified by the categories of each subscale, the highest proportion of “Strongly agree” and “Agree” responses for Labor Coping Skills (Figure 5) among primipara was in “Was able to work through the pain for my child” (intervention 94%, control 95%), followed by “Was able to breath along with contractions” (intervention 62%, control 66%).
Among multipara, the highest proportion of responses was “Was able to work through the pain for my child” (intervention 92%, control 97%), followed by “Was able to breath along with contractions” (intervention 83%, control 84%) and “Was able to stay in a calm mental state” (intervention 66%, control 69%).
For Trust in Medical Staff (Figure 6), among primipara “A midwife I could trust was nearby” (intervention 74%, control 61% was the highest, followed by “Was able to leave everything in the midwife’s hands” (intervention 79%, control 66%) and “Staff communicated the progress of my delivery” (intervention 74%, control 66%). Among multipara, “A midwife I could trust was nearby” (intervention 94%, control 84% was the highest, followed by “Was able to leave everything in the midwife’s hands” (81%, 89%) and “Staff communicated the progress of my delivery” (intervention 81%, control 79%).
For Physiological Process of Labor (Figure 7), among primipara “Birth progressed smoothly” (intervention 85%, control 71%) was the highest, followed by “Birth went how I wanted” (intervention 65%, 46%) and “I had the strength to give birth” (intervention 59%, control 61%). Among multipara, “Birth progressed smoothly” (intervention 86%, control 95%) was the highest, followed by “I had the strength to give birth” (intervention 72%, 89%) and “I gave a natural birth” (intervention 64%, control 82%).
Comparison of the intervention and control groups showed revealed significantly higher scores among primipara in the intervention group in “A midwife I could trust was nearby” (p < 0.01) and “Birth went how I wanted” (p < 0.05).
Among multipara, “Birth went how I wanted” was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group.
a) Freeform Responses (Table 7, Table 8)
Freeform Responses are shown in Table 7 & Table 8. For primipara, responses were classified into the categories of “Labor process is easy to visualize”, “Put at ease by understanding the situation”, “It was encouraging”, “Built understanding/effective tool for understanding the situation”, “Didn’t have time to listen since I was in labor”, and points for improvement.
For multipara, responses were classified into the following seven categories: “Helped visualize the delivery process”, “Easy to understand”, “Learned about the delivery process”, “Helped me understand what I didn’t about my previous births”, “Gave me a sense of security in getting through labor”, “Calmed me down”, and points for improvement.
b) Evaluation of Delivery Animation (Figure 8, Figure 9)
Evaluation of Delivery Animation is shown in Figure 8 & Figure 9. The combined proportion of “Helpful” and “Somewhat helpful” responses concerning if the Delivery Animation was helpful in understanding the course of delivery were 89.0% for primipara and 92.0% for multipara; for responses concerning if the Delivery Animation was helpful in communicating with doctors/midwifes, they were 85.0% for primipara and 86.0% for multipara.
4. Thoughts
1) Subject characteristics
In Japan, the most common age range to give birth is 30 - 34 years for both primipara and multipara [1] . However, in this study the most common ranges were 25 - 29 for primipara and 30 - 34 for multipara. This being the case, this was a relatively young group. One reason for this may be that the study took
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Table 7. Opinions of delivery animation (Primipara).
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Table 8. Opinions of delivery animation (Multipara).
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Figure 8. Was Delivery Animation Helpful in Understanding the Course of Childbirth?
place at a low-risk institution. 92% of multipara in both groups did not participate in maternity (parenting) classes. For both primipara and multipara the most common sources for information about the course of labor were the Internet and friends/acquaintances. Magazines and pregnancy checkups were also
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Figure 9. Was Delivery Animation Helpful in Communicating with Doctor/Midwife?
cited as sources. It is clear that even when subjects did not participate in maternity classes, they were still able to gather information through a method familiar to them.
A large portion of the subjects had a medical intervention of some sort. This may be due to it being more difficult to get women whose childbirth was already underway or progressing quickly to cooperate with the study. No significant differences were observed in method of delivery, duration of labor, blood loss during labor, birth weight, infant progress, or presence of a companion in the delivery room. Thus, the intervention/control group can be considered to be similar groups in both primipara and multipara.
2) Understanding of delivery during pregnancy
Comparison of the intervention and control groups revealed no significant differences among primipara. Among multipara, the “How the infant descends the birth canal” was significantly higher in the control group.
While differences in understanding of childbirth before the intervention were observed in one category among multipara in similar groups, none were observed in other categories; the groups can be considered mostly similar.
3) Intervention Effect of Delivery Animation
a) Understanding of delivery
Comparison of the intervention and control groups revealed significantly higher scores in among primipara in the intervention group in “Understood descent of infant”, “Understood rotation of infant”, “How the infant descends the birth canal”, and “Understood my progression through labor.” Among multipara, “Understood rotation of infant” was significantly higher in the control group.
In prior research, the clinical application of 3D computer graphics by way of digital devices has been used in dental care as an explanatory tool and for informed consent using a 3D model to demonstrate procedures [7] [11] [12] . These tools have been reported to contribute to ease of explanation and degree of understanding for the patient.
Animation and images contribute to subjects’ understanding of pregnancy and childbirth. Sumimoto [13] developed digital materials using 3D computer graphics for maternity management education and reported that realistic images were easier to understand than schema based on written materials and that video—and 3D graphics even more so—were easier to understand than still images. Similarly to these results, we saw in our study as well that the use of animation contributed to subjects’ understanding of pregnancy and childbirth.
The freeform responses in this study were classified into categories such as “Labor process is easy to visualize” and “Put at ease by understanding the situation.” for primipara and “Able to visualize delivery progress”, “Easy to understand”, “Came to understand delivery process”, and “Came to understand things not understood about previous birth” for multipara. Furthermore, the Delivery Animation was evaluated highly: the responses of “Helpful” and “Somewhat helpful” combined made up 89.0% for primipara and 92.0% for multipara.
From the above results, we can see that individual explanation of the delivery process using the Delivery Animation was effective at increase the understanding of the subjects.
b) Satisfaction with delivery
Prior research has reported that self-evaluation of the childbirth experience has an effect on mental health, development of maternal attachment, inclination toward postpartum depression, and the burden of childcare [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .
Sekizuka reports [18] that compared to groups with a higher satisfaction with birth, groups with low satisfaction have a higher inclination for postpartum depression, their immune response is suppressed, and stress response is high. Additionally, Tokiwa [19] states that mothers who believe they were unable to maintain self control during childbirth gain no sense of satisfaction from the experience, leading to a higher inclination for postpartum depression.
Such studies by many researchers have made it clear that low satisfaction with the experience of childbirth is linked to higher incidence of postpartum depression. For this reason, the Healthy Parents and Children 21 (Second Phase) program has increased the percentage of mothers satisfied with pregnancy and childbirth from a baseline of 63.7% (2013) to 82.8% (2017). The target satisfaction rate was 70.0% by the 5-year evaluation, and 85% by the final 10-year evaluation [20] .
In the subordinate concept classification of the self-evaluation, this study shows high average values in medical staff trust, physiological process of labor, and labor coping skills, descending in that order. These results line up with those of Tokiwa [19] targeting subjects in day 1 - 7 following delivery and those of Yamaguchi [21] targeting subjects up to day 4. However, no significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups. Tokiwa [19] offers the state of delivery and the health of the newborn as reasons, and these may contribute to the lack of significant difference in this study as well.
On one hand comparison between the intervention and control groups in each category of the subordinate concept classification revealed significantly higher scores in “A midwife I could trust was nearby” (p < 0.01) and “Birth met my expectations” (p < 0.05) in the intervention group. Tsugihara [22] cites obstetrical factors, ability to cope with stress, mental factors, relationship with medical staff, and other factors related to care provider as factors which affect the degree of satisfaction with childbirth.
Tokiwa [19] states that having dependable medical staff during labor and measures to deal with the anxiety of delivery increases the degree of satisfaction with the experience. In turn, as Sadler, et al. [23] state, this helps to prevent postpartum depression. In this study we also found that having a midwife nearby during labor offering emotional support to help deal with the anxiety of delivery contributed to higher levels of satisfaction surrounding the birth.
For multipara, however, “Birth met my expectations” < p < 0.05) was significantly higher in the control group. We believe the reason for this is that the proportion of natural births with no significant differences was 25% for the intervention group and 45% for the control, and the low amount of medical intervention required for these births had an effect on the result.
From the findings mentioned above, based on the differences found in degree of understanding of the process of delivery between the intervention and control groups, the results of the self-evaluation scale for experience of delivery，and opinions on and evaluation of the Delivery Animation, it is clear that it was a useful communication tool for delivering mothers and midwives. We believe individual explanation had an effect in increasing understanding and satisfaction of parturients. This was new territory.
4) Results of verification of hypothesis
The higher scores of the intervention group in degree of understanding of the delivery process were partially validated for both primipara and multipara.
The higher scores of the intervention group in degree of satisfaction with the experience of delivery was partially validated for primipara, but not for multipara.
5) Limitations and issues
Limited number of subjects at a single institution. Points for improvement are including a larger number of subjects, consideration of intervention methods which involve the husband, and improvement of the animation.
5. Conclusion
This study compared two groups, the intervention and control, with the goal of revealing the influence an individual explanation of the course of delivery made by a midwife with the aid of the Delivery Animation has on parturients’ childbirth experience. As a result, based on the differences found in degree of understanding of the process of delivery between the intervention and control groups, the results of the abridged self-evaluation scale for experience of delivery, and opinions on and evaluation of the Delivery Animation, it is clear that individual explanation had an effect in increasing understanding and satisfaction of parturients.
Founding
This work was supported by KAKENHI (15K11736).
Ethical Considerations
The Ethics Committee at Osaka Medical College, with which the Author is affiliated, approved the study [Approval no.: Clinical 437 (2044)]. The Japan Family Planning Association approved the study after an ethics review (Approval No.: 28743).