1. Introduction
This research investigates the difference in cash holding policies between shariah-compliant firms and conventional firms in the Indonesia market. Since 2012, Indonesia has moved forward in the shariah investment market by introducing a shariah-compliant index. The index consists of firms listed in the Indonesia stock exchange that satisfy qualitative (halal principle in business operation) and quantitative (financial ratio or measure) criteria. Compare with similar index in other country quantitative criteria for Indonesia shariah index are lest stricter because they only consider two criteria, the ratio of debt based on interest (riba) over total and the ratio of interest revenue or non-halal revenue, the portion of debt from the asset while the other index includes the quick asset ratio criteria. As a result, there is more Indonesian company that conform to that listed in this index. The strand of the literature on Islamic finance has resolutely presented the importance of screening criteria in determining the characteristics of shariah firms ( Ashraf & Khawaja, 2016; Charles, Darné, & Pop, 2015).
Prior scholars in the shariah compliance literature have investigated the impact of shariah index restrictions on corporate finance ( Alnori & Alqahtani, 2019; Rizvi, Arshad, & Alam, 2015). Nevertheless, empirical evidence in regards to cash holdings is still limited. Bugshan, Alnori and Bakry (2020) study the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, documenting a higher cash holding level for sharia-compliant firm. They argue that shariah-compliant firms mitigate the restriction they carry by holding more cash. Arguably, one critical restriction in shariah-compliant firms is that they must attain a certain level of leverage. Thus, we expect a shariah-compliant firm to hold more cash as a substitute for a lower debt level ( John, 1993).
There contrarily could be a case that a shariah-compliant firm holds less cash compared to its counterpart. A line of the literature has suggested that shariah compliance usually defines a healthy, growth-oriented firm that exhibits positive momentum ( Mohammad & Ashraf, 2015; Nobi, Singh, & Aggarwal, 2019). Hence, there is little chance that a firm with excellent performance will face difficulty finding external financing. Therefore, based on the trade-off theory we expect such a firm to hold less cash. Moreover, the higher restriction for a shariah-compliant firm could also encourage it to infuse a culture of transparency and accountability, which have a substantial impact on its financial health ( Pepis & de Jong, 2019). Furthermore, the restriction on the level of cash in a shariah-compliant index could be why a shariah-compliant firm maintains a lower level of cash holding ( Farooq & Tbeur, 2013).
We perform our empirical analysis using a sample of Indonesian firms between 2016 and 2019 and select Indonesia, because it presents unique conditions to examine how firms manage their cash holdings under less strict shariah-screening environments. The results of our study suggest that shariah-compliant firms could be associated with a lower level of cash holdings compared with conventional firms. The empirical findings still hold after controlling for different proxies for cash holdings and shariah-compliant firms and after resolving the issue with the top performers in the market.
The contribution of our study is that we provide evidence that shariah-compliant firm did not always restrict firm financing. The findings could be an essential motivation for the company for listed in shariah-compliant index. This research contributes to the line of research by complements prior cash holding research in shariah-compliant firms ( Bugshan et al., 2020) by investigating the issue in a more flexible shariah-compliant restriction environment. The difference between our research and Bugshan et al. (2020) is the research focus. Their research is more focused on the year time speed of adjustment for cash. Our attention in the study is on the cash fluctuation that existing in the quarter-year time period.
The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 describes the data and research design. Section 3 presents the results. Section 4 concludes.
2. Method
2.1. Data
We employ quarterly firm data from Indonesia by taking data provided by TICMI (The Indonesia Capital Market Institute). The shariah index data are extracted from a publication issued by the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Our study period starts from the 1st quarter of 2016 until the 3rd quarter of 2019 (total of 15 quarters). The initial data in this study consist of 7394 observations. After excluding financial service firms and eliminating missing data, our data comprise 5172 quarter-firm observations.
2.2. Measurement
The dependent variable in this study is cash holding, measured by the ratio of cash over total assets. The independent variable is the shariah index, defined as a dummy variable taking the value of 1 if listed in the shariah index and 0 otherwise. We use the Indonesia Sharia Stock Index (ISSI), which covers shariah-compliant stocks listed on IDX and included in the list of Islamic Securities (DES) issued by IDX. The ISSI constituents are re-selected twice a year, following the DES review schedule every May and November. DES is comprised of shariah stocks that have been selected by a shariah board and which meet shariah criteria under the DES review. The shariah board is part of Indonesia’s financial market authority, OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The data used for the review consists of the 2nd quarter firm financial statement, the 4th quarter firm financial statement, and the information disclosed by the firm to the authority. Some firms are included or excluded from the sharia-compliant index at the end of the selection period.
The criteria for the shariah index are regulated by the Indonesia Stock Exchanges supervisory regulation, which was promulgated in 2012. There are two conditions for equities to be selected as shariah stocks in Indonesia. The first condition is that the shariah firm should stay away from activities that are forbidden under Islam (haram). The haram activities include borrowing and lending on an interest basis (riba), gambling (maiser), production and distribution of alcohol (khamar), farming and processing of haram products, trading that violates shariah law, excessive risk-taking such as insurance and derivatives (gharar), and trading through bribery (risywah). The second requirement for shariah equities is that the financial ratio from equities should satisfy a few criteria. The first requirement is that the ratio of debt based on interest (riba) over total assets should not exceed 45%. The second criterion is that the ratio of interest revenue or non-halal revenue over total revenue should not exceed 10%.
We adopt several control variables based on prior research suggesting the direct effect toward cash holdings. The control variable consists of leverage, which is the ratio of total liabilities scaled by total assets. We also add the quadratic term of leverage, following prior research by Guney et al. (2007), who suggested that the relationship between cash holdings and leverage is non-monotonic. A higher level of leverage could also increase the likelihood for a firm to experience financial distress. The cost of debt is defined by financing expenses over total expenses ( Opler, 1999). The next control variable is working capital, or total current assets minus current liabilities scaled by total assets ( Al-Najjar & Belghitar, 2011). Dividend is the dummy variable that equal 1 if firm pay dividend and 0 otherwise ( Al-Najjar & Belghitar, 2011; Bigelli & Sánchez-Vidal, 2012). CAPEX is the proportion of capital expenditure scaled by total expenses ( Chen, 2008). ROA is return on assets. Size is log assets ( Subramaniam, Tang, Yue, & Zhou, 2011).
Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of the variables. The left side of the table reports them in the conventional firm (non-shariah-compliant), while the right side shows them for the shariah-compliant sub-sample. The descriptive table shows that majority of firms are listed in the shariah-compliant index. More than 60% of the firms (3421 from 1751) from a total sample are in the index. The mean of cash holding in the shariah-compliant firm is significantly lower (0.08) compared to the mean of cash holding in a conventional firm (0.09). The median in the shariah-compliant firm is also lower, but the Wilcoxon test did not suggest a significant difference.
Further, the Univar statistic also suggests that the mean (0.46) and median (0.47) of leverage for a shariah-compliant firm is significantly lower compared with the mean (0.490 and median (0.50) of leverage from the conventional firm. Meanwhile, we discover that the mean and median values for working capital, dividend, capital expenditure, ROA, and size significantly higher in a shariah-compliant firm.
This table presents the descriptive statistic for each variable based on the membership as shariah compliant-firm or conventional firm. Shariah Index is dummy variable that represent firm listed in shariah index. Leverage is the debt to asset ratio, the cost of debt is defined by financing expenses over total expenses. Working capital is total current assets minus current liabilities scaled by total assets. Dividend is the dummy variable that equal 1 if firm pay dividend and 0 otherwise. CAPEX is the proportion of capital expenditure scaled by total expenses, ROA is return on assets, size is log assets. The asterisk sign in Mean column represent the result of T-Test difference, the asterisk sign in Median column report the result of Wilcoxon signed rank test. The ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.
This table presents the pearson correlation coefficient between any pair of variables. Shariah Index is dummy variable that represent firm listed in shariah index. Leverage is the debt to asset ratio, the cost of debt is defined by financing expenses over total expenses, Working capital is total current assets minus current liabilities scaled by total assets. Dividend is the dummy variable that equal 1 if firm pay dividend and 0 otherwise. CAPEX is the proportion of capital expenditure scaled by total expenses, ROA is return on assets, size is log assets. The asterisk sign (*) represent the significant value of 1% of pearson correlation.
Lastly, the T-Test and Wilcoxon signed-rank suggest there are no significant differences in the cost of debt between the sub-sample.
Table 2 provide the correlation between variables. The correlation table suggest there is no variable that suffer from multicollinearity problem since no extreme high values. The asterisk sign represents the significant of pearson correlation. Our variable of interest is Islamic index shown negative significant correlation with cash holding (significant at 1%), leverage (significant at 1%) and size (significant at 1%). The Islamic index also presents positive significant correlation with capital expenditure (significant at 1%).
3. Result
We report the estimations of panel regression for this study in Table 3. In the estimation we included firm fixed effect that reflect the variability among sample firm and period effect that represent the variability among quarter-year period used in this study. Panel (1) of the table shows the estimation without considering the period fixed effect. Panel (2) of the table presents the estimation with the period fixed effect included in the model. The main variable of interest is Shariah index, the sign of the coefficient for the variable Shariah is significantly negative (at 1% in panel 1 and at 5% at panel 2), this suggests that shariah-compliant firms hold less cash than conventional firms.
This result aligns with the univariate statistic in the previous section. Furthermore, the empirical result also matches the prediction from Farooq & Tbeur (2013) and Pepis & de Jong (2019) in that the Islamic index provides good credibility and image. On the other hand, this result differs from a previous study of the shariah index and cash holdings in the MENA region ( Bugshan et al., 2020).
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Table 3. Regression estimating the cash holding.
This table show the panel regression estimation for cash holding. Our variable of interest is Shariah Index is dummy variable that represent firm listed in Shariah Index. Leverage is the debt to asset ratio, The cost of debt is defined by financing expenses over total expenses, Working capital is total current assets minus current liabilities scaled by total assets. Dividend is the dummy variable that equal 1 if firm pay dividend and 0 otherwise. CAPEX is the proportion of capital expenditure scaled by total expenses, ROA is return on assets, size is log assets. Panel 1 reported the estimation of cash holding using panel regression without including period effect. Panel 2 reported the estimation of cash holding without period effect. Period effect is the variable that represents control for each quarterly year variation. Statistics are in parentheses where p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.01.
The descriptive statistics offer evidence that the shariah-compliant index consists of firms with better performance and a more significant dividend payment amount. Consequently, a firm with excellent profitability is associated with a lower level of cash holdings. Profitable firms also have a higher possibility to pay dividends to increase their credibility and access to finance ( Myers & Majluf, 1984). Al-Najjar and Beghitar (2011) further proposed that dividend payment can exhibit an excellent reputation to investors, leading to greater access to capital and hence lower cash holdings.
A firm may face both benefits and costs to be listed in the shariah-compliant index. One benefit is that they could have access to more investors who pay attention to their shariah-compliance status. On the contrary, a disadvantage relates to the firm’s restriction in now it manages its business. Moreover, since the criteria for shariah compliance in Indonesia are more flexible compared with other regions, we are confident to suggest that firms will enjoy more benefits to their reputation rather than any difficulty that may arise from restrictions in the shariah index. Prior scholars of Islamic finance have outlined the importance of the screening criteria employed in a shariah index for determining the corporate finance decisions of shariah firms ( Ashraf & Khawaja, 2016; Masih, Kamil, & Bacha, 2018).
To ensure that our findings are robust, we target a range of different specifications. First, we exclude the top performers (20th percentile of the highest ROA in the market). The second measure we use is an alternative measurement for cash holdings by following Opler (1999) and Ozkan and Ozkan (2004). The last thing is that we utilize different criteria for shariah compliance by excluding firms that are not listed continuously in the shariah-compliant index. We discover consistent results with our main empirical results after embracing these robustness tests.
4. Conclusion
This research investigates the determinant of cash holdings in shariah-compliant firms and compares it with non-shariah-compliant firms. The empirical results show that firms in a shariah-compliant index hold lower cash levels than non-shariah-compliant firms. The findings are still robust after excluding top performers in the market, an alternative measurement of cash holdings, and alternative criteria for shariah compliance. We believe that the results herein are because the more flexible criteria for the shariah-compliant index in Indonesia provide fewer restrictions for firms in managing their financing and operations. At the same time, they are able to enjoy the benefits of being shariah-compliant firms in terms of a better reputation.
This study has shown the difference between a sharia-compliant firm and a conventional firm in managing corporate finance. However, our study is limited by the potential for endogeneity. We have addressed this problem through the use range of the robustness test. But indeed, we cannot completely rule out the possibility that endogeneity still existed.