Usefulness of the Pediatric Appendicitis Score and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio for Assessing the Complicated Appendicitis in Children ()
1. Introduction
Acute appendicitis (AA) is a common surgical disease which occurs in almost all age groups, and especially in childhood. The mortality is quite high especially when the diagnosis is late, and the rate of late diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children is also quite high between 30% and 65% [1]. Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen. The lifetime occurrence of this disease is approximately 7%, with perforation rate of up to 20% [2]. In spite of the well-known classical symptoms and clinical findings of acute appendicitis, early diagnosis can be sometimes challenging. For the treatment of simple appendicitis (SA) in children, the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment has been reported. In appendicitis diagnosis, history and physical examination findings are important. The Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) is used to diagnose acute appendicitis in children. The PAS is composed of simple items consisting of clinical symptoms, physical findings, and blood test findings. Since the PAS can be easily evaluated, it has been widely used. In addition to this, several blood tests are being used to predict appendicitis and its severity. While blood cells (WBC) counts are mostly elevated in patients with appendicitis [3]; however, an elevated WBC count has no predictive value in differentiating simple and complicated appendicitis [4] with the increase in number of tests, the cost is also increasing. For this reason, more simple and trustworthy parameters like Neutrophi/Lymphocyte (N/L) ratio are necessary. NLR provides information regarding two different immune and inflammatory pathways which may make it a potential marker to predict appendicitis and its severity. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is directly derived from the WBC, and its diagnostic relevance in AA was studied more in adults, although AA is more common in children. We aimed to determine predictive value of combination NLR and PAS in pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of acute appendicitis and complicated appendicitis. Our primary objective was to investigate whether NLR and PAS can predict acute appendicitis and whether it can distinguish between uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis. Our second objective was to determine cut-off values of NLR and PAS for appendicitis and complicated appendicitis.
2. Methods
2.1. Subject
Our study was performed on 480 children admitted for suspected acute appendicitis and underwent appendectomy at the MNCMCH, Ulaanbaatar Mongolia, between May 2019 and December 2019. Data were retrospectively collected from patients’ medical records, including age, gender, symptoms and clinical signs, laboratory and histopathological findings as reference standard. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis in our hospital was established according to clinical manifestation, physical examination, laboratory findings and/or abdominal ultrasound. The final diagnosis was determined by histopathological finding.
Exclusion criteria:
• Incomplete medical records.
• Hematological disease, cancer.
• Poor speaking skills.
• Undergoing abdominal surgery.
• Chronic disease.
Inclusion criteria:
• Age of <18 years old.
• Underwent appendectomy.
• Abdominal organ anomalism.
• No hematological disease, cancer.
2.2. Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio
Laboratory data were collected including WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte values. NLR was determined by dividing the neutrophil and lymphocyte values obtained.
2.3. Pediatric Appendicitis Score
2.4. Statistical Analysis
t-test was used to analyze the differences between groups when the data was normally distributed, while Mann Whitney U test was utilized when the data was not normally distributed. By comparing the means of two independent samples, the power of this study was 1.00. The WBC, neutrophil and NRL were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV). The cutoff value of WBC, neutrophil, NLR and PAS for diagnosis of acute appendicitis and distinguishing noncomplicated appendicitis from the complicated ones were determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves.
3. Result
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
Most acute appendicitis patients in our institution were between the ages of 5 - 10 years old (43.75%), male (56.05%) and underwent laparotomy (0%). The mean WBC and neutrophil count were 14.1 ± 6 × 103/μl and 11.09 ± 6.08, respectively. Histopathological findings included complicated appendicitis in 76.07% of the children (Table 1).
3.2. Accuracy of WBC, Neutrophil, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and PAS for Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis
Neutrophil, NLR and WBC were significantly higher in the acute appendicitis group than control (12.1 ± 6.1 vs. 7.8 ± 4.4, p < 0.001; and 9.25 ± 6.1 vs. 3.6 ± 2.2, p < 0.001, 14.72 ± 6.02 vs 12.3 ± 5.5 p < 0.001 respectively) (Table 2). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, area under the ROC curve, and cutoff point of NLR, neutrophil and WBC for diagnosis of acute appendicitis were 89.4%, 83.3%, 94.1%, 72.4%, 0.934, and 4.97, 62.5%, 75.8%, 88.5%, 40.2%, 0.716 and 9.6, 57.7%, 62.5%, 82.2%, 33.03%, 0.614 and 12.7 respectively (Figure 1, Table 3). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and cutoff point of PAS for diagnosis of acute appendicitis were 90.8%, 81.6%, 93.6%, 74.8%, 6 respectively (Figure 2(a), Table 4).
3.3. Accuracy of WBC, Neutrophil, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and PAS for Diagnosing CA
WBC, neutrophil, and NLR were significantly greater in complicated than noncomplicated appendicitis (15.3 ± 5.94 vs. 13.6 ± 6.04 × 103 /μL, p = 0, 008; 12, 83 ± 6.12 vs. 7.79 ± 4.46, p < 0.001; and 12.06 ± 6.57 vs. 5.57 ± 5.98, p < 0.001, respectively) (Table 3). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, area under the ROC curve, and cutoff point of NLR, neutrophil, and WBC for differentiating complicated and simple appendicitis were 81.9%, 85.24%, 91.5%, 70.74%, 0.899, and 6.2; 63.6%, 77.5%, 89.65%, 41.5%, 0.751, and 8.6; and 62.8%, 75.4%, 79.1%, 32.3%, 0.589 and 13.4 respectively (Figure 1, Table 2). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and cutoff point of PAS for differentiating complicated and simple appendicitis were 56.7%, 79.1%, 82.9%, 52.3%, 8 respectively (Figure 2(b), Table 5).
3.4. Accuracy of Combined of PAS and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Distinguishing Noncomplicated and Complicated Appendicitis with Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis
The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of PAS + NLR for differentiating complicated and noncomplicated appendicitis were 86.8%, 89.4%, 92.1% and 76% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of PAS + NLR for diagnosis of
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of children with acute appendicitis.
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Table 2. The accuracy of WBC, neutrophil and NLR for diagnosis of complicated acute appendicitis in children.
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Table 3. The accuracy of WBC, neutrophil and NLR for diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children.
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Figure 1. (a) ROC curve of WBC, Neutrophil, and NLR for diagnosing CA; (b) ROC curve of WBC, Neutrophil and NLR for diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
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Table 4. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the PAS for diagnosing appendicitis.
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Figure 2. (a) Receiver operating characteristic curve of PAS for diagnosing acute appendicitis; (b) Receiver operating characteristic curve of PAS for diagnosing CA.
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Table 5. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the PAS for diagnosing CA.
acute appendicitis were 90.5%, 68.1%, 97.68% and 32.6% respectively (Table 6 and Table 7).
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Table 6. Diagnostic accuracy of PAS, NLR and PAS + NLR for CA.
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Table 7. Diagnostic accuracy of PAS, NLR and PAS + NLR for acute appendicitis.
4. Discussion
For the treatment of SA in children, the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment has been reported [5] [6]. A meta-analysis showed that initial antibiotic treatment of SA was comparable with appendectomy, with a high rate of success, and treatment with antibiotics alone was not associated with increased complications [5]. Thus, accurate distinction between SA and CA is important, as antibiotic treatment for SA could be an option as initial treatment. Non-operative management with antibiotics alone may be an option for patients with uncomplicated appendicitis; however, surgery is still the first choice for complicated AA, and especially gangrenous appendicitis. The PAS is mainly scored based on clinical symptoms, physical findings, and differential WBC. Because of its convenience, this score has been widely used as a diagnostic tool of acute appendicitis in children. A score ≥ 6 was reported compatible with the diagnosis of appendicitis. However, there has been no report on how many points of the PAS are likely to indicate CA. We found that there was a statistically significant difference in the PAS between SA and CA. Thus, the PAS may be correlated with histopathological progression. In addition, the Youden index cut-off value of the PAS for diagnosing CA was 8. At 8 points, the AUC was 0.793. This value was recognized as a good value of accuracy for diagnosing CA. Additionally, the PPV of a PAS ≥ 8 for diagnosing CA was 88.8%, which was reasonable for diagnostic use. We are able to show that NLR has a high accuracy to diagnose acute appendicitis in children with sensitivity of ~0.84. Our finding is similar with previous studies that showed NLR is a good parameter for diagnosis of acute appendicitis [7] [8] although with different cutoff value (our study: 4.97 vs 2.87 [9] vs. 3.5 [7] ). Furthermore, our patients do not show any abnormality in their appendix (20.42%) and some even have a non-visualized appendix (47.08%) during abdominal ultrasound. It has been known that ultrasound results are very dependent on the operator and have low accuracy for diagnosis of acute appendicitis. A study conducted by Yazici et al. showed that a NLR over 3.5 in a pediatric patient group had maximum sensitivity and more sensitivity than the WBC count. Another study by Ishizuka et al. revealed that an NLR > 8 had a significant association with gangrenous appendicitis in patients undergoing appendectomy. Markar et al. assessed 1117 pediatric patients who underwent appendectomy and determined that the NLR appeared to be of greater diagnostic accuracy than the total WBC count. According to the present results, WCC is a significant parameter for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However, it is not a perfect indicator, due to relatively low sensitivity and specificity. With a cut-off value of 11,900/mm3, 71% sensitivity and 68% specificity were found. In a recent study, Rafiq et al. [10] reported very high sensitivity and specificity (87% and 92%, respectively) with the same cut-off value. Nevertheless, in previous studies, sensitivity and specificity of WCC have been reported between 67% - 87% and 43% - 81%, respectively. The argument that NLR is a more sensitive parameter than the number of leukocytes was put forth 20 years earlier by Goodman et al. [11] Four studies have been published in the last 5 years regarding this issue. Shimizu et al. [12] suggest a NLR cut-off value of 5.0 for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with 44% sensitivity and 22% specificity. Ishizuka et al. [13] determined a cut-off value of 8.0 for NLR to differentiate gangrenous appendicitis from catarrhal appendicitis, with 73% sensitivity and 39% specificity. Kahramanca et al. [14] reported 2 NLR cut-off values of 4.68 (65% sensitivity, 55% specificity) and 5.74 (71% sensitivity, 49% specificity) to distinguish acute appendicitis from normal appendix, and complicated appendicitis from non-complicated appendicitis, respectively. Sevinç et al. NLR cut-off values were 3.0 (81% sensitivity, 53% specificity) and 5.5 (78.4% sensitivity, 41.7% specificity) for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and perforated appendicitis, respectively. Khairol et al. reported the cut-off point of NLR in this study showed a highly statistically significant difference in an intergroup comparison. It showed that NLR with a cut-off point of ≥3.11 could significantly differentiate normal appendix and acute appendicitis patients with a sensitivity of 75.2% and specificity of 68.7%, in diagnosing acute appendicitis. Moreover, most of our patients are male (56.05%) with an average age of 5 - 10 years (43.75%). These findings were compatible with previous study [15]. Acute appendicitis is more commonly found in adolescents, which might be associated with the large proportion of lymphoid tissue during adolescence, resulting in the appendix being susceptible to obstruction and inflammation.
5. Conclusion
In the era of conservative antibiotic-based management of simple uncomplicated acute appendicitis, we advocate that combination of NLR and PAS is a useful aid in predicting complicated appendicitis.